Missed 1st Class ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Class #2 Keep in mind this evolution of the Russian Revolutionary mentality starts off with the People's Will. Revolutionary Radical group who sought out plan for executing officials, Execution of the Deed. 1881 assassinated the Tsar. Brother of Lenin was executed. Emancipation for Labor. Led by George Piccardo (?). Russia was not an industrial society. Bolsheviks. Plan would take generations. Lenin thought could do faster. Lenin convinced everyone that his Bolsheviks was majority. Lenin's group took over in 1903. 1905 Russian Revolution. Lenin referred to as a dress rehearsal for 1917. All architects of Russian Revolution are intelligentia (except for two _________ & ________). LETS MOVE FORWARD When WWI broke out Lenin supported Russia's involvement in it. Lenin thought it was a great opportunity b/c it would deplete Russia's resources even further. Early 1917 expectation of Revolution there. February Nicholas II went to front to visit soldiers. While he is gone, things turn very nasty in Petrograd. (St. Petersburg-Leningrad). Bread riots in Moscow & Petrograd. Nicholas does nothing. What he does do March 11 is dissolve the DUMA. (Remember 1905 had been granted a legislative body, was a rubber stamp, but was a forum for speaking out and voicing your grievances). March 12 they meet anyway and elect a provisional government. Provisional government takes the place of the Czar. During the same time a Soviet was established amongst the workers in Petrograd. Consists of Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, a whole hodgepodge of members of left wing radicals. Nicholas decides to come home, his train is stopped by General Exlexese, and Nicholas is forced to abdicate. He does. Nicholas and all are executed. Now strange situation. There are now two governments, the Soviets and the Provisional Government. The Soviets won't take power, because they believe it is not the right time. They are true Marxists. Can't because not industrial society yet. Two gov'ts exist. In the meantime the war reaches disasterous levels for Russia. 90,000 Russians surrender at battle of Canaanburg 1917. Total disaster on eastern front. The Soviets condemn the war and abdicate peace, but not willing to take power. Lenin is not in Russia. Germans approach Lenin and offer to finance his trip back to Russia. Trotsky, Commonev, Zynoviev. Stalin is not on train. Sealed Train makes it through eastern front. Germans finance his return to Russia & secure his path through war zone. He proclaims when he gets off train "all power to Soviets." Why did German's do this? German's used the Bolsheviks & Bolsheviks used the Germans. The Sealed train ride was a case of both sides using each other. There were accusations that he was a German spy. All Power to The SOVIETS. Lenin believed?in immediate revolution. Bolsheviks don't control Soviets yet. He condemns Soviets for not taking power. He was a gifted orator. People were hungry and fed up with war forget the communist doctrine (industrialization and all that stuff) they've had enough and want change now. Bolsheviks and Lenin are looking good. Bolsheviks formed the Red Guard. Military wing of the Bolsheviks. Begin to gain peasant Soviets in countryside. Idea was they had to get the peasants. August 31, 1917 Bolsheviks gained a majority in the Petrograd Soviet. December 5, gain majority of Moscow Soviet. Lenin believes that delay would be fatal Revolutionary moment had come. 24 October insurrection begins. Red guard throw us road blocks and takes over all keys to provisional government. Bloodless coup. By October 25, Bolsheviks controlled the gov't. Central gov't was being formed. Composed of consul of people's commisars. Lenin was head, Trotsky was people's commisar of foreign affairs. Commonev, Zynoviev, ___________, Stalin, etc. all are part of people's commisars. New leadership had taken control of the Russian gov't in name of the people (so they claim). They did not represent any one class. Strict party discipline. Party will control the state. Foundation is laid for totalitarian regime. New nation is named USSR United Soviet Socialist Republic. World's first communist gov't. American gov't was providing weapons and ammunition to Czarist regime to fight the war against the Germans. Americans don't want these weapons falling into hands of the Soviets. Kolchak is commander in chief of white forces. The green army was the peasants. The point is that the Soviets are successful because you have the people opposed are not able to unite to fight them. Civil war is more damaging that war itself. Whites and Reds loose large #'s of lives. Red army is led by Trotsky. Trotsky brilliant strategist. Soviets control major urban centers. 1921 there was no doubt that Bolsheviks controlled the gov't. U.S. was last to recognize the USSR (Stalin) as a legitamite government. We didn't want to do this because we couldn't get back any of our money. Became clear the Romanov's would not come back to power. Romanovs executed, even children & doctor. Didn't know where order came from. Conclusion of WWI As a result of WWI no more Ottomon Empire, German Empire, Hapsburg Empire, knocked off the Romonovs. WWI changed the balance of power. But, Treaty of Versailles had serious problems. Allies declared that Germany should pay damages of war. France said Germany owed everything, England sided with the French - Germans need to pay, U.S. advocated no reparations. England and France had borrowed heavily from U.S. to finance the war. "War Guilt Clause" Germany was forced to sign. Germany accepted responsibility for war. They had started and were responsible. It was subject of controversy right away. June 28, 1919 Treaty of Versailles. Crisis develops over reparations. Germany fell behind. They could not make payments. In 1924 nations involved U.S., Germany, France, England composed an international convention to look at reparations. Led by Charles Dawes financial expert. Dawes scaled payments down. Germany made payments. 1929 went further to say payments will only go on for 59 years. U.S. lends money to Germany so Germany can pay Europe so Europe can pay back the U.S. This leads to depression. Inflation becomes horrendous. This is one of the causes. 1929 U.S. stock market crashed, depression started. Germany had astronomical inflation. Japan actually benefited from depression. Treaty of Versailles also caused ethnic problems with division of land. Anti-semitist becomes very strong. In 1914 four marks = $1 At conclusion of WWI 9 marks = $1 In 1922 500 marks = $1 January 1923 18,000 marks = $1 July 1923 350,000 = $1 August 5 mill = $1 Mark is worthless Germany is bankrupt Adolf Hitler attempted a coup in Munich. He was not successful. He was advocating that gov't was bankrupt and new ideas were needed. Spend 13 mos in prison and wrote Mein Kampf. 1925 Hindenburg elected president. 1925 communist/socialists got 3 million votes. Europe becomes increasing fearful of communist gov't. They will spread communism to other states. Fear was that communism would come to power led by Moscow. As a result of weak gov't, bankruptcy, no industry and other problems new ide?logies develop. Facism develops. Facism = philosophy of gov't that glorifies the national state at the expense of the individual. Major concepts include opposition to democratic and socialist/communist movements. Facists hate socialists and communists. In theory the communists are there for the workers. Believe in aggressive military policy. Authoritarian leader that embodies the ideas of the nation. Gained support by promising social justice. And we'll put ya to work. They gained support from rich industrialists by promising protection from communists who wanted to confiscate their property. Fascist? exercise control over individuals life. Implement special police forces. Mussolin? and Hitler are Fascists. Stalin and Russia are communists. The communist state exists in theory to protect the worker. The fascist state exists for the glory of the state at the expense of the individual. First Fascist movement originates in Italy. Mussolini was on scene way before Hitler. Fascism begins in Italy. It is the least economically developed at end of WWI. Had lost many resources. In 1920 series of strikes throughout country that threatened to paralyze Italy. People feared communist revolution. To combat the threat of communist revolution emerges the fascists and Mussolini. Mussolini was originally a journalist. Very strong anti-communist rhetoric. Black shirts were para-military force. 1921 Fascists party won 35 seats to Italian Parliament. Bullies. 1922 fear of complete shutdown in Italy. Mussolinis black shirts worse on streets. 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III calls Mussolini to Rome and invites him to form a coalition government. At 39 he is prime minister of coalition gov't. 1924 more fascists into power. A socialist who stood up to fascism in parliament was murdered. By 1925 all opponents had been expelled. All newspapers printed the fascists line. Mussolini proved to be very popular. 1926 law was declared that the El Duece was head of state. All other parties were outlawed. Italy was thriving, recovering. People were working. His propaganda pumped pride into the people. Lateran Agreement. Italy had been at odds with the Vatican since Italian Unification. Mussolini and his henchmen could care less. 1929 but these were series of laws recognizing Vatican City as an independent state. Invited religious teachings in school. Paid Vatican for territory lost as a result of unification. By 1929 Democracy was retreating. Authoritarian gov'ts were coming to power in hungary, spain, albania, portugal, yugoslavia, italy, germany and soviet union. Totalitarianism. Fascist gov'ts are totalitarian in nature. Communists and Socialists are also totalitarian. Dictators control. Dictators of 20th century are different from previous dictators. They have the means to control their entire society. Most totalitarian regimes work within frame of legitimate gov't. All believe in single political party. Complete control of all mass communication. Also direct the economy. Ruthless force in massive scales. "Relies on oppression and terror to force citizens to participate in regimes activities and ideologies." Totalitarian seeks to shape every aspect of persons life. Communists are totalitarians. Totalitarians come to power and put people to work. People are not starving. Initially deliver on their promises. Soviet Union 1918, civil war and attempted assassination of Lenin. He was incapacitated. Developed heart problems and is terrified as he watches what is happening around him and is concerned about Stalin. USSR came to power 1917, fought civil war and won, sought national recognition. How can you have capitalism in other places and one socialist country? Could a Soviet gov't exist in a capitalist world. What happens inside soviet union during civil war is that people are told capitalists are out to get them. This created a unity among Russia people. They have a common enemy. Lenin dies January 21, 1924. Had a last testament that was not supposed to be made public. Read at meeting. He is very concerned about Stalin's brutality. He did not want him in power. People around Lenin were intelligent people later around Stalin were thugs. Stalin emerges as central character because he is appointed general secretary. He is person who appoints people to positions. He knows scoop on everyone. They owe him. Develops loyalty with position. Stalin is very patient. Trotsky appeared to he heir apparent. Stalin wanted to consolidate power. Trotsky believes in constant revolution. Trotsky becomes more and more isolated. Stalin is very brilliant in isolating Trotsky. He sends him away during funeral. The Jew decided not to attend the funeral. Anti semitism sets in. Named Petrograd Leningrad. By 1925 Trotsky is totally disarmed. In 1928 sent into exile. He remains very vocal and is writer. Attacks Stalin from afar. Stalin advocates Socialism in One Country, not constant worldwide revolution. The vanguard will plan the economy. Initiated a series of 5 year plans to advance socialism. In Russia mine coal steel and wood. Develop factories, etc. If engineers in control of factories don't meet quotas, worried about what would happen. Rapid industrialization. Collectivization, put all peasant farmers put together to work together and goods turned over to state. If you don't participate, don't meet quotas, executed. People starved to death. Collectivized Farms. The new regime in the Soviet Union under Stalin. 1934 was turning point in Soviet society. In June 1934 Soviet regime broke with western principles of individual responsibilities & idea that innocent until proven guilty. New law against Counter revolution & high treason provided for collective family responsibility. Whole families held responsible. Military members outside Soviet Union's families were responsible. 1935 capital punishment at age 12. (youngest of Romanovs was 12). Legal analogy became part of the law. If employee makes mistake on job, they are held responsible. Penalty for sabotage was death. People were encouraged to report on other people. 1935 two old Bolshevik societies were dissolved. These were the people who actually fought the revolution. 1936 USSR was given new constitution. Article 112 says that all laws are subordinated to the approval of the party. NKVD (formerly the Checka). Secret police. People commissars for internal affairs. They are to deal with internal affairs. They policed Russia internally. They were given responsibility for administering the concentration and Goulag camps. Many in camps even perceived enemies of state, etc. Monitored the labor and concentration camps. Also responsible for arresting dissidents. Stalin wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to him. Stalin took mass executions to whole new level. Leader of Leningrad communist party, Kirov, young and popular. When votes takes, Kirov received the most votes for central committee members. Stalin the least. Stalin was intimidated by Kirov. He responded as a result of the 17th party congress by releasing The Great Terror. The lives of every ordinary citizen were threatened. 1900 delegates attended 17th ?arty ?ongress within a year 1100 had been "purged." The incident was December 1, 1935, Kirov was assassinated. His bodyguard was also assassinated. Stalin had him assassinated. Established what lay ahead for Soviet Society. Stalin was "outraged" who was responsible? Serious issue? Party members were blamed as part of a conspiracy led by Trotsky. 500,000 Kirov assassins were purged. Stalin uses it as a premise to purge. Everyone was to be blamed, party members forced to turn in badges, selected ones given id back. Stalin called for the utmost vengeance. Soviet population from this point on gave up its existence. Stalin wanted to humiliate people. Used Show Trials. Western Journalists invited to attend. It became obvious that judgement had already been passed. They confessed all of their crimes. (to protect their families). All executed immediately. 2nd show trial Raddick and ____________, of them 13 put to death. Yogoda, in 3rd trial, former head of NKVD accused of murder laboratory (way for Stalin to cover tracks.) June 1937, Stalin went after the military. Did not need military b/c had NKVD. Left Soviet Union defenseless. Purged Military. (Hitler did same thing in night of Long Knives). 1940 Trotsky executed. By 1938 Lenin's old Bolshvik party was made over. 70% had been executed. 23-18 million purged with 6-7 million executed. This is worse than Hitler. Russians welcomed WWII b/c ended the Great Terror/Purges. CLASS #3 Communism is in a nut shell the logic that the state exists for the worker. Fascist regime on other had is state in which the people exist for the state. Supernationalism. New form of gov't which emerges in Europe between WW's. Is successful b/c promises economic prosperity, protect from communists. Both are Totalitarian. Gov't by one individual. Italy, Soviet Union, and in Nazi Germany. Total control of the individual. Mussolini is a kitten compared to Stalin and Hitler. Nazi Takeover WWII As a young man Hitler was undistinguished. Wanted to be an artist. Soldier in WWI. Made speeches against reparations. Passionate speeches. People listened to him. Essence dealt with race and universal struggle. Germany victim of vast conspiracy by capitalists, foreign powers, Marxists and JEWS. Jews were behind reparations. Saw Marxism as Jews. Formed party National Socialist German Workers Party "NAZI Party". Attempted Coupe 1923, Jail, Mein Kampf. Nazis just one of many such parties. Nationalist parties. 1928 60K members Nazi Party, 1929 sponsored petition against burden of guilt clause in Treaty of Versailles - 6 million people signed the petition. Now in spotlight. Hitler did offend a lot of people. Developed loyal followers. Gerring, Goebbels, Kimmler help bring about Third Reicht. Albert Shpeer - architect - latches on to Nazi party. He ends up in inner circle. He is only one who admits any guilt @ Nuremburg. Inside the Third Reicht. He was one of Hitler's favorites. Hitler made him the minister of armament. 1930 became 2nd largest party in Reichstag. 1931 a group of industrialists sided with Nazis and promised financial support b/c don't want communists to take over country. Nazi's promise recovery and nationalism. In 1931 they are speaking as if a gov't in office, even thought they are not. Beating up Jews and Socialists. Para-military wing is the Storm Troopers (SA, Brown Shirts). By 1930 it was almost impossible for Reichstag to function. 1930 election Nazis given 100 seats in Reichstag. Enough to disrupts proceedings. IN 1932 Hitler ran against Hindenburg. He lost but got 13 million votes. By 1932 they controlled 40% of seats in Reichstag. Not a majority, but largest part. Hindenburg 1933 appointed Hitler the chancellor. Invites him to form a coalition government. His cabinet consisted of only 2 other Nazis out of twelve. 1933 called for new elections. During this campaign marked by terror. Storm Troopers terrorized. Climax came w/burning down of Reichstag. Nazis blamed it on the communists, excuse to take over for protection. Communists expelled from government. They were the only other group strong enough to confront the Nazi, now Nazis were only choice. No other alternative. Hitler is very cautious in consolidating his power. Concentration camps for intellectuals, Labor camps, Extermination Camps. Began to move against the Jews. Eliminated from public office and not allowed to attend university. By July of 1933 all parties except Nazi had been outlawed. November 1933 new election (only Nazis running) now control gov't. Everything was done legally. The SA was only rival. Became party within party. Powerful group led by Ernest _____________. They appeared to be a threat to Hitler. Could have overthrown him at this time. In June 1934 Hitler had all members (leaders) of SA executed. Fri-Sat-Sun Night of the Long Knives. At same time took out others too. 1,000 executed on this weekend. There is no confronting Hitler now. August 1934 Hindenburg died. People voted to merge position of President and Chancellor to one position, Fuehrer. 12 years under Hitler. Guiding principle and ideology of Nazi is faith in race. Majority of Austrians are German. Sudetenland to be incorporated into greater Germany. Had Hitler stopped with just unification of German people, would have been successful. Proclaimed peaceful intention. In March 1939, he established a military draft. What for if at peace? Declared Treaty of Versailles disarmament clause null and void. Other countries do not want to go to war over these small issues. Noone did anything. Thought Nazis were a flash. Britain leads way in foreign policy of Appeasement. They had just fought a war and were not ready to loose another generation to war. Give Hitler everything he wants to avoid war. He wants Austria, Sudetenland, Rhineland, give it to him. German territories anyway. 1936 marches into Rhineland and occupies it. France should have done something. Hitler had given order that if French resist, pull back. England did not see this as a problem, even though against Treaty of Versailles, b/c it was Germany occupying Germans. England saw great enemy as communists, not Hitler. English politicians praised him for distruction of communism in Germany, "victory for all of Europe." 1935 Mussolini decided that fascism needed revitalization. Wanted to attack Ethiopia (neutral country) & did. Noone did anything to them either. Sends signal to Nazis. 1936 agreement between Italy and Germany (Rome-Berlin Axis). Alliance between Italy and Germany. Japan had been fighting Chinese for Venturia for years. Tokyo in 1936 also joined the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. Three Totalitarian states combined in cooperation. 1937 Hitler told his generals his main goal was to bring Austria and Czechelslovakia into greater Germany asap. 1st try to establish living space for Germanic people. Austria became first. Forced Chancellor to appoint Nazis to Austrian gov't. In a matter of weeks bloodless coup. 1938 made part of Germany. Noone did anything. Hitler began to demand that pro-Nazi German speaking minority in western Czech (Sudetenland) should be turned over to Germany. Industry located in this region. Europe was not happy about this but appeasement triumphs again. Prime Minister of England Chamberlain sets out to prevent the German occupation of Sudetenland. Shuttles back and forth between Munich and London negotiating. Between British Italians & Germans. Was decided (Munich Conference?) by Chamberlain that Germans would get Sudetenland (avoid war). Thought this was all Hitler had wanted. Chamberlain proclaimed we have "peace in our time." By March of 1939 Czech was incorporated into greater Germany. Appeasement had given Rhineland, Austria and Czech to Germany. Now everyone hunkered down. England and France made it known that if he went after Poland there would be war. Hitler knew he could not fight a two-front war. August of 1939 Soviets and Nazis signed a mutual non-aggression pact. Nazi-Soviet Pact. Agreed to break up Europe. Pact terrified people. September 1, 1939 Germans Blitzkrieg introduced. Lightening warfare. New method of fighting war. Move in fast with airplanes, don't wait for ground troops. Infantry no longer leads. Europe didn't know how to counter. WWII Sept. 1, 1939. Soviets come in from other direction and occupy the Baltic States. Fight winter war in Finland for 2-3 years. Day Great Depression came to an end. Winter of 1939 & 1940 pretty quiet. British move forces over to France in anticipation of spring. Spring of 1940 Blitzkrieg struck and occupied Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium. Switzerland neutral, mountainous country. Too hard to take. Sweden stays neutral. Germany did not want to stretch resources unnecessarily. Sweden in middle, unnecessary strategically. Third Column, Nazis sent in to infiltrate and cause obstructions to gov'ts. Spring of 1940 British soldiers mass on northern shores of France. British & French are trapped on beaches of Dunkirk. Germans move in. First flaw in Hitler's plan. Waits for his army to gather before attacks. British gather every vessel and evacuation soldiers back to England "Miracle of Dunkirk." Any available vessel sent to help out 200,000+ soldiers. Left all supplies and equipment behind. Saves British and French soldiers. By July of 1940 almost all of Europe occupied by Nazi forces. Italy is ally, Soviet Union and Spain are neutral. Only Britain left. All of Europe is occupied. Operation Sea Lion is Nazi plan to invade and occupy England. Must gain control of skies. Have to eliminate England's Air Force. Only Britain remains untouched by Nazis at this point. England led by Winston Churchill. Proved to be one of history's greatest wartime leaders. Convinced U.S. to get involved. Battle of Britain began in July - November 1940. German Air Force flew 1,000 flights a day to drop bombs on factories, military installations & air fields. Heavy losses. Royal Air Force hard to replace flyers. By August 1940 looked like it was about to experience its worse catastrophe since 1066. Churchill went before Parliament, passionate speech. "Never Surrender." August Hitler decided to bomb cities and go after citizens. Terror Bombing. U.S. was supplying Britain. No Americans fought. German planes run out of fuel. Disadvantage. England on verge of collapsing. By October, though, became evident Germans were going to loose the Battle of Britain. RAF had begun to gain control of skies by September. German Air Force was devastated. It had been instrumental in gaining territory. Not as strong now. October 1940 direction of war changed. Europe is occupied, England is not going to be occupied. April 1941 Germany was conquering Greece and was trying to conquer Yugoslavia, it was proving very difficult. Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria signed alliance agreements with Germany. U.S., England, USSR, Canada & France are the allies. Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan, Romania, Bulgaria & Hungary (axis of evil). Summer of 1941 Hitler launches operation Barbarrosa, all out offense against the Soviet Union. October of 1941, German forces are moving quickly. Hate Soviets. Blitzkrieg. Leningrad surrounded. His decision to attack Soviet Union without England being occupied is a big gamble. Ukraine is occupied, Leningrad is almost occupied, fighting in outskirts of Moscow. Winter of 1941, Germans in summer gear are stopped in tracks. Japan was fighting war with Chine in Manchuria. In July 1941 Japan went in and took Indo-China from the French while they are tied up in WWII. U.S. in retalliation to growing aggression of Japanese (we have interest in Philippines and Hawaiian Islands - we too are imperialists). We froze their assets and cut off all shipments of natural resources to Japan. Summer of 1941 United States and Japanese are in head on collision. December 7, 1941 Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Introduction of war by aircraft carriers. U.S. declared war on Japan. Then Germany declares war on U.S. The world is at war at the end of 1941. Occupied Europe. Nazis stalled on Soviet front. Occupation of Europe saw ideology of Nazis put into play. Began to implement the NEW ORDER. Would continue until collapse in 1945. Hitler's new order was based firmly on the principle of Nazi Totalitarianism. Racial Imperialism. New Order had various places for various people. Jews, Slavs, etc. are subhumans. Hitler explained to his inner circle that he envisioned Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, enslaved to work fields until die. When they died, Germans would occupy territory. Another aspect is termed the final solution. Complete genocide (extermination) of Jewish people. Occupied cities were told to gather up all Jews to ghettos and wear star of David. They would be moved from there to extermination camps. Aaschowitz could kill 15,000 people on one given day. 6 million Jews murdered. Pringle (Primo) Levy escaped and wrote book. He could not get over that noone would believe those who escaped. 1948 surviving Jews are given sovereign state. Palestine. Grand Alliance: United States, British and USSR will liberate Europe from Nazis. There is distrust and must overcome. Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt. 1st Churchill and Roosevelt decided to concentrate on defeating Hitler first. Europe First was slogan. Unpopular with some in U.S. 2nd British and Americans put military issues first, no politics. 3rd all three agree on unconditional surrender from Nazis. No separate agreements. Military resources and industry is awesome. U.S. supplied everyone, incl. Russia. U.S. brings industry, population and stable gov't. We gave allies 50 billion in equipment. England too strong to loose the war too weak to win. England became the staging area after Battle of Britain. USSR brings population, industrialized, changed rhetoric from communist to nationalism. War for survival of Russia. Winter of 1941 Germans stalled. Spring of 1942 began new offensive south toward Stalingrad. Very bloody battle. Most of city was occupied by Germans with savage house to house fighting. November 1942 Soviets gain upperhand in Stalingrad and surround Germans. Germans want to surrender, Hitler will not let them. From 300,000 there are only 125,000 left. Things are changing. Soviets moving to Europe. U.S. makes appearance in Spring of 1942. American and English forces land in N. Africa. Go to Italy, Sicily, Russians moving in to central Europe. Controversy over when and where to enter Europe. Churchill gets political doesn't want Russians to get there first to occupy Eastern Europe. Decided to launch assault on Normandy. American, British and Canadian forces land in Northern France June 6, 1944 under Eisenhower. In 3 mos. (100 days) 2 million men and .5 million vehicles land in Normandy Win or loose situation. British, Amer. & Canadians push from West, Soviets from East. January 1945 Red Army moved thru Poland. April 26, 1945, American and Soviet forces met at Elbe River. Beginning of End. As Soviets enter Berlin April 1945, Hitler commits suicide. May 7, Germany surrenders. Still war in Pacific. All forces concentrate there now. No help from Soviets. Drop atomic bomb on Hiroshima (Japan). We don't crawl back after WWI, we stay in Europe and establish military bases. There existed a long standing political and ideological difference between the East and the West. By late 1943, discussion about post-war settlement did begin. Three conferences were held between Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin. In Tehran 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill held conference and discussed where and when invasion would take place. February 1945 at Yalta Conference (Stalin's backyard) the three decided that Germany would be decided into zones of occupation. Many believed Roosevelt sold out b/c gave Stalin everything he wanted. Gov't in Eastern Europe would be freely elected. We believed Stalin. Agreement broke down almost immediately. Soviet gov't put in place in Eastern Europe. At Potsdam Conference Churchill and Truman (Roosevel? dead) confront Stalin with issue over gov't in Eastern Europe. Stalin told Churchill and Truman "a freely elected gov't in any of these Eastern European countries would be anti-soviet and I cannot allow that." This is the origin of the Cold War. Americans demanded along with Western Allies free elections in Soviet occupied Germany & Stalin refused." U.S. was not willing to go to war over Eastern Europe. Americans wanted USSR out of Eastern Europe, but we were not going to go to war over it. We didn't have any more bombs. Some had wanted to save bombs to let Soviets know we had them. Class #4 Left off with origins of Cold War. Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe as result of WWII. Soviets were not going to move. U.S. did not want to fight war to force them out. Cold War starts. Never an attempt to liberate Eastern Europe. As you move East, more autocratic. Eastern Europe is not going to experience the same prosperity b/c of occupation by Soviet Union. Germany is divided in half. Eastern Germany & Western Germany. 6% of people in world (U.S.) could not run the lives of the remaining 94%. Leads to restraint to what Americans can do. Never an attempt to liberate Eastern Europe. Western Europe is not occupied, it is Eastern Europe and they have never been instrumental. U.S. is not going to go to war over Eastern Europe. On March 5, 1946, Churchill at University of Missouri, Truman sitting at podium. Churchill "from Staten in the Baltics to Turets in the Adriatics an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent." Stalin was furious. Compared Churchill and his friends in America to Hitler. Like Hitler they had a racial theory in favor of English-speaking race. Stalin uses East vs. West. Enemy is capitalists in West. Communist thrive on chaos, poverty, hunger and corruption. Western Europe was devastated from war. Becomes very obvious that this is fertile ground for communist penetration. Serious threat of communist threat. U.S. (Cannan) comes up with policy of containment. Don't roll back iron curtain, but make it so they cannot penetrate other areas. Combat poverty, chaos, hunger and corruption to fend off communists. Two policies to support at risk countries. Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. Two pieces of legislation from U.S. to combat threat of communism. U.S. is going to stay and clean up the problem. England after war had provided financial aid to Greece. They could no longer provide aid to Greece. U.S. could not allow Greece to be taken over by communists. Truman asked for 400 million dollars to provide military assistance and aid to any country experience hostility from communists. Equipment, satellites, supplies, anything short of manpower. Truman Doctrine proved very successful. (also led us into Vietnam). 1947 (Greece and Turkey receive immediate help.) More significant is the Marshall Plan. Stroke of genius. Secty of State George C. Marshall (had been a political general) at Harvard Univ. commencement address put forth European Recovery Program. Smashing Success. Aid to all European countries including those under occupation in Soviet Union and Soviet Union as well. Soviet Union declined as did Eastern European countries. 20 billion dollars pumped into Europe. Jumpstarted economies to rebuild infrastructure. Europe was well on its way to recovery. Economy stimulated. April 1949 organization of NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization would guaranty financial stability and military protection for Europe. Soviet Union came back with Warsaw Pact (alliance of Eastern countries). Military Pact. By 1948 all eastern European countries support Soviet Union Communist Government. Germany was divided into zones of occupation. Berlin is in middle of Eastern Germany (Soviet Occupied) we insisted on U.S. and British forces. There is corridor from W. Germany to E. Germany. We began to resupply Western Berlin. Soviets did not like the idea so in June of 1948 Stalin blocked corridor. People in West Berlin will starve to death is someone doesn't do something. We are not going to let these people starve. U.S., Canada and England fly over Eastern Occupied Germany in Soviet Airspace to drop off supplies (324 days). Berlin Airlift. Started bringing in heavy equipment and rebuilding city. Berlin became thorn in side of communists. We did not give up our little piece of real estate. Elsewhere appeared communists were interested in spreading doctrine. In 1949 in China the communists came to power. Chinese and Soviets hate each other. 1950 N. Korea fell to communists. Western Renaissance b/c of money pumped in. Throughout Europe democratic governments associated with economic prosperity. England became a socialist welfare state (medical coverage free) when Churchill left office and Labor party comes into office. Kept all businesses nationalized. By 1960s Europe was fully recovered. Strong economic Europe make for strong American economy. Soviet Union tightens vice on Eastern Europe in reaction to Western Europe's progress. By 1946 Stalin saying war was inevitable as long as capitalism existed. Stalin's new enemy, new excuse for harsh treatment of society. 5-year plans reestablished. Goal was to increase heavy industry and munitions. Everyday life was very hard again. There is not Great Terror or Purge. Party members still executed, but mass murders relaxed. Eastern Europe occupied by communists except for Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia had been led by Josip Tito. He is communists, he and his guerillas successfully fought off communists. In 1948 when Stalin put pressure on Tito, Tito stood up to Stalin and left and wend back to Belgrad. Remained outside influence of communists during Cold War. Yugoslvia prospered under Tito. When Tito dies is when problems start in Yugoslavia. 1953 Stalin finally died. Suspicion over his death. Had something against Jewish Drs. And may have been on verge of another purge. Power vacuum. Key figures are Nakita Khrushchev made new secretary of communist party of soviet union. De-Stalinization by Khrushchev. Came into 20th Party Congress called delegates back at midnight to secret meeting behind closed doors. Began to read off all of the crimes of Stalin. Bolsheviks executed, Show Trials, Party Leaders executed. CIA had speech and was delivered to west within hours. West welcomed speech as good sign. Communist party maintained its grip on politics. But let it be known this idea of mass terror was behind them. Khrushchev shifted spending to housing and agriculture. Collectivization is there, but not enforced. Military spending is still there, but some spending shifted to consumer g?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Peaceful Coexistence under Khrushchev. 1955 Khrushchev declared Austria independent. 1956 Hungary attempted a revolt against communism. Fervent Revolution led by students and intellectuals. Liberal communist Nagy became Premiere of Hungary. Leads an Urban Revolution. Force Soviet troops out of Hungary. Ordered new elections and challenged Soviet Union. In November 1956 Soviet Union invaded Hungary. Nagy and his gov't purged and communist regime restored. Hungary had hoped the West would come to their aid. We did not. People were moving into Western Berlin. Embarrassment to Soviet Union. 1958 Khrushchev ordered England get out of Western Berlin. No way. Overnight 8/13/61 began to erect a wall. Berlin Wall. Symbol of Cold War. Krushchev is forced out of office in 1964. Retirement. Died 1971. Replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. Brezhnev started talking about good old days under Stalin regime. Ignored his crimes. Liked idea of police state. Purging of enemies. Czechosloviakia in 1968 under Alexander Dubcek (communist leader) decides to revolt. Refers to his plan as "socialism with a human face." Would allow for factory managers, business managers, etc to make own decisions. Party did not have to make own decisions. Just wanted a different economic system. He is telling communist their economic system does not work. In Moscow Brezhnev took notice. August of 1968 500,000 Soviet troops roll in and occupy Czechoslovokia. Brezhnev as a result issues the Brezhnev Doctrine justifying action of Soviet Union. Soviet Union has the right to aid any allies when that country is in trouble. He saw it as no different than Truman Doctrine. In 1975 Soviet Union with N. Vietnam finances and successfully installs communist government. Because of spread of communism, Soviet Union and U.S. become involved in incredible arms race. Nuclear hostilities. Unprecedented levels in peacetime. Brezhnev and Nixon met and came up with De'tente policy for "an improvement in relations. It is warmer than accommodation, but cooler than reproachment." Beginning in 1972 serious attempt by Soviet Union to relax tensions with U.S. Brezhnev in June 1973 visited U.S. He and Nixon signed protocol which was in theory an agreement on the prevention of nuclear war. There is now a dialog. Germany Chancellor Willy Brandt, in 1971, laid a wreath at the Jewish monument commemorating the Jews who had died at the hands of the Nazis. "I wanted to ask pardon in the name of our people for a million fold crime that was committed in the misused name of the Germans." He negotiated treaties with Soviet Union guarantying Germany's safety against Soviet Union. 1975 Helsinki Accords. U.S., Canada, European Nations & Soviet Union sign the Helsinki Accords. All agree that Europe's existing borders cannot be changed by force. Containment. Poland in 1980 led by shipyard electrician Lech Walesa. Workers organize a trade union called Solidarity. CANNOT do this. Supported by intellectuals and Roman Catholic Church. By 1981 10million members. They do not try to take over the gov't. Polish military, under instruction of Soviet Union declare Martial Law. Solidarity went underground. Leaders were arrested and put in prison. West was outraged, but didn't do anything. By end of 1970 period of De'tente begins to fade. Three things occur. 1st death of Brezhnev. 2nd Power vacuum. 1982-1985 power vacuum. 3rd attitude of leadership in West (more anti-communist). Three governments work together to undermine Soviet influence. Bombastic speeches. England - prime minister Margaret Thatcher. West Germany led by Chancellor Helmut Kohl. And U.S. - Ronald Reagan. They knew this was chance w/power vacuum. Slowly begin to pick away at Soviet Union. Becomes obvious to West that Soviet Union is bankrupt. Economic crises will bring them down. John Bushnell was first to claim that Soviet Union (said in 1979) that 1976 was year in which Soviets started losing hope. They had always had someone to blame for their failure. They could not live up to promise of Utopian Society for worker. They kept hope alive through excuses and enemies. *He thinks thriving economies of other countries caused collapse. They had technology (electronic revolution). Yuri Andropov leader of KGB is appointed Secretary General. He is reform minded person. Mikhail Gorbachev is protégé. Andropov died 16 months after taking office. Next person lasts 11 mos. No more old guard left. Gorbachev is appointed General Secretary 1985. Intelligent, articulate, etc. committed himself fully to reform. Began to mobilize public opinion. Used it to get his ideas through. Put through a waive of reforms. Bloodless coupe. Legal for political opposition to exist. More than one party. Open debate. March 1989 voters had choice of candidates. Can criticize gov't. In July 1990 rescended monopoly on tv and press. Freedom of speech. Boris Yeltsin resigned from communists and formed own party. Sept. 1990 Gorbachev was elected 1st president of USSR (5 years). Glasnost - opening of culture. Exposure to public opinion. Cultural exchange. Perestroika - free enterprise. Open economy Two words describe what is happening to Soviet Union. People in 1989 began to leave East Germany to Hungary and then to West Germany. November 9, 1989 on CNN people started dismantling the Berlin Wall. Symbolic gesture of end of the Cold War. Fall of the Berlin Wall. ?????????????????????????????????????? Eduard Shevardnadze????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? FOR EXAM 40 multiple choices 1 identify (out of 2) 1 essay Discuss the phenomena of Fascism. What is Fascism? Define Fascism. Where and at what period in time in European History could you find Fascism? Why does it flourish? What does it support? Why is it successful? (Why does it flourish and Why is it successful are same thing.) Discuss the communist gov't of the Soviet Union. How did the communists come to power in Russia? What is the ideology of communism? How did the communists maintain their control of the Soviet Union? What is the role of Lenin and Stalin?