USACE / NAVFAC / AFCESA / NASA UFGS-06 10 00 (November 2008) ----------------------------- Preparing Activity: NAVFAC Superseding UFGS-06 10 00 (July 2006) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2009 SECTION 06 10 00 ROUGH CARPENTRY 11/08 NOTE: This guide specification covers framing, grounds, nailers, blocking, and sheathing of light wooden structures and includes the use of preassembled components and plastic lumber. Wood finished flooring, trim, millwork, siding, heavy timber work, custom woodwork, and finish carpentry are specified in other sections. Edit this guide specification for project specific requirements by adding, deleting, or revising text. For bracketed items, choose applicable items(s) or insert appropriate information. Remove information and requirements not required in respective project, whether or not brackets are present. Comments and suggestion on this specification are welcome and should be directed to the technical proponent of the specification. A listing of the technical proponents, including their organization designation and telephone number, is on the Internet. NOTE: The following information should be shown on the project drawings: 1. Sizes and spacing of all wood framing members including trussed rafters and trusses 2. Location, size, type, and thickness of all materials 3. Size and spacing of anchor bolts 4. Details of all connections and anchorage where special conditions exist such as high wind, hurricane, and earthquake areas 5. Design loads 6. Design unit stresses for structural lumber 7. Details of depressed floors to receive ceramic tile. PART 1 GENERAL 1.1 REFERENCES NOTE: Issue (date) of references included in project specifications need not be more current than provided by the latest guide specification. Use of SpecsIntact automated reference checking is recommended for projects based on older guide specifications. The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only. AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION (AF&PA)AF&PA T10(2001) Wood Frame Construction Manual for One- and Two-Family DwellingsAF&PA T101(2001) National Design Specification (NDS)for Wood ConstructionAMERICAN HARDBOARD ASSOCIATION (AHA)AHA A135.4(2004) Basic HardboardAMERICAN INSTITUTE OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION (AITC)AITC 111(2005) Recommended Practice for Protection of Structural Glued Laminated Timber During Transit, Storage and ErectionAITC A190.1(2002) Structural Glued Laminated TimberAITC OT-01(2004) Timber Construction ManualAMERICAN LUMBER STANDARDS COMMITTEE (ALSC)ALSC PS 20(1970) American Softwood Lumber StandardAMERICAN WOOD PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (AWPA)AWPA C1(2003) All Timber Products - Preservative Treatment by Pressure ProcessesAWPA C2(2003) Lumber, Timber, Bridge Ties and Mine Ties - Preservative Treatment by Pressure ProcessesAWPA C20(2003) Structural Lumber Fire-Retardant Treatment by Pressure ProcessesAWPA C27(2002) Plywood - Fire-Retardant Treatment by Pressure ProcessesAWPA C28(2003) Standard for Preservative Treatment of Structural Glued Laminated Members and Lamination Before Gluing of Southern Pine, Coastal Douglas Fir, Hemfir and Western Hemlock by Pressure ProcessesAWPA C9(2003) Plywood - Preservative Treatment by Pressure ProcessesAWPA M2(2001) Standard for Inspection of Treated Wood ProductsAWPA M6(1996) Brands Used on Forest ProductsAWPA P17(2001; R 2002) Fire Retardant FormulationsAWPA P18(2004) Nonpressure PreservativesAWPA P5(2005) Standard for Waterborne PreservativesAWPA T1(2004; R 2005) Use Category System: Processing and Treatment StandardAWPA U1(2004; R 2005) Use Category System: User Specification for Treated WoodAPA - THE ENGINEERED WOOD ASSOCIATION (APA)APA E30(2005) Engineered Wood Construction GuideAPA E445S(2001; R 2002) Performance Standards and Qualification Policy for Structural-Use Panels (APA PRP-108)APA EWS R540C(1995; R 1996) Builder Tips Proper Storage and Handling of Glulam BeamsAPA EWS T300E(2005) Technical Note: Glulam Connection DetailsAPA F405L(1999) Performance Rated PanelsAPA PS 1(1995) Voluntary Product Standard for Construction and Industrial PlywoodAPA PS 2(2004) Voluntary Product Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use PanelsASME INTERNATIONAL (ASME)ASME B18.2.1(1996; Addenda A 1999; Errata 2003; R 2005) Square and Hex Bolts and Screws (Inch Series)ASME B18.2.2(1987; R 2005) Standard for Square and Hex NutsASME B18.5.2.1M(2006) Metric Round Head Short Square Neck BoltsASME B18.5.2.2M(1982; R 2005) Metric Round Head Square Neck BoltsASME B18.6.1(1981; R 2008) Wood Screws (Inch Series)ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)ASTM A 307(2007b) Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthASTM A 653/A 653M(2008) Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A 687(1993) Standard Specification for High-Strength Nonheaded Steel Bolts and StudsASTM C 1136(2008) Standard Specification for Flexible, Low Permeance Vapor Retarders for Thermal InsulationASTM C 208(2008a) Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardASTM C 79/C 79M(2004a) Treated Core and Nontreated Core Gypsum Sheathing BoardASTM D 1435(2005) Standard Practice for Outdoor Weathering of PlasticsASTM D 1972(1997; R 2005) Standard Practice for Generic Marking of Plastic ProductsASTM D 198(2008) Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural SizesASTM D 2344/D 2344M(2000; R 2006) Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their LaminatesASTM D 2898(2008) Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingASTM D 3498(2003) Adhesives for Field-Gluing Plywood to Lumber Framing for Floor SystemsASTM D 6007(2002; R 2008) Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentration in Air from Wood Products Using a Small Scale ChamberASTM D 6108(2003) Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Plastic Lumber and ShapesASTM D 6109(2005) Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber and Related ProductsASTM D 6111(2003) Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Specific Gravity of Plastic Lumber and Shapes by DisplacementASTM D 6112(1997; R 2005) Compressive and Flexural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastic Lumber and ShapesASTM D 6117(1997; R 2005) Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and ShapesASTM D 6330(1998; R 2008) Standard Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Under Defined Test ConditionsASTM D 696(2008) Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between -30 degrees C and 30 degrees C With a Vitreous Silica DilatometerASTM E 1333(1996; R 2002) Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a Large ChamberASTM E 96/E 96M(2005) Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of MaterialsASTM F 1667(2005) Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and StaplesASTM F 547(2006) Nails for Use with Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsCOMPOSITE PANEL ASSOCIATION (CPA)CPA A208.1(1999) Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) For Interior ApplicationsFM GLOBAL (FM)FM DS 1-49(2000) Perimeter FlashingFOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC)FSC STD 01 001(2000) Principles and Criteria for Forest StewardshipGREEN SEAL (GS)GS-36(2000) Commercial AdhesivesINTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC)ICC IBC(2006; Errata 2006; Errata 2007; Supplement 2007; Errata 2007) International Building CodeNATIONAL HARDWOOD LUMBER ASSOCIATION (NHLA)NHLA Rules(2003) Rules for the Measurement & Inspection of Hardwood & CypressNORTHEASTERN LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (NELMA)NELMA Grading Rules(2003) Standard Grading Rules for Northeastern LumberREDWOOD INSPECTION SERVICE (RIS) OF THE CALIFORNIA REDWOOD ASSOCIATION (CRA)RIS Grade Use(1998) Redwood Lumber Grades and UsesSOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (SCAQMD)SCAQMD Rule 1168(1989; R 2005) Adhesive and Sealant ApplicationsSOUTHERN CYPRESS MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (SCMA)SCMA Spec(1986; Supple. No. 1, Aug 1993) Standard Specifications for Grades of Southern CypressSOUTHERN PINE INSPECTION BUREAU (SPIB)SPIB 1003(2002) Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine LumberTRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE (TPI)TPI 1(2002) National Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction; Commentary and AppendicesTPI HIB(1991) Commentary and Recommendations for Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate Connected Wood TrussesU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (DOC)DOC FED PS56(1973) Structural Glued Laminated TimberDOC FED PS58(1974) Basic HardboardU.S. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (GSA)CID A-A-1923(Rev A; Notice 1) Shield, Expansion (Lag, Machine and Externally Threaded Wedge Bolt Anchors)CID A-A-1924(Rev A; Notice 1) Shield, Expansion (Self Drilling Tubular Expansion Shell Bolt AnchorsCID A-A-1925(Rev A; Notice 1) Shield Expansion (Nail Anchors)FS FF-B-588(Rev E) Bolt, Toggle: and Expansion Sleeve, ScrewFS FF-T-1813(Basic) TackFS MM-T-371(Rev E) Ties, Railroad, Wood (Cross and Switch)FS UU-B-790(Rev A) Building Paper, Vegetable Fiber: (Kraft, Waterproofed, Water Repellent and Fire Resistant)U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (USGBC)LEED(2002; R 2005) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design(tm) Green Building Rating System for New Construction (LEED-NC)WEST COAST LUMBER INSPECTION BUREAU (WCLIB)WCLIB 17(2000) Standard Grading RulesWESTERN WOOD PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION (WWPA)WWPA G-5(1998) Western Lumber Grading Rules1.2 SUBMITTALS NOTE: Submittals must be limited to those necessary for adequate quality control. The importance of an item in the project should be one of the primary factors in determining if a submittal for the item should be required. A “G” following a submittal item indicates that the submittal requires Government approval. Some submittals are already marked with a “G”. Only delete an existing “G” if the submittal item is not complex and can be reviewed through the Contractor’s Quality Control system. Only add a “G” if the submittal is sufficiently important or complex in context of the project. For submittals requiring Government approval on Army projects, a code of up to three characters within the submittal tags may be used following the "G" designation to indicate the approving authority. Codes for Army projects using the Resident Management System (RMS) are: "AE" for Architect-Engineer; "DO" for District Office (Engineering Division or other organization in the District Office); "AO" for Area Office; "RO" for Resident Office; and "PO" for Project Office. Codes following the "G" typically are not used for Navy projects. Submittal items not designated with a "G" are considered as being for information only for Army projects and for Contractor Quality Control approval for Navy projects. Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" designation; submittals not having a "G" designation are for [Contractor Quality Control approval.] [information only. When used, a designation following the "G" designation identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government.] The following shall be submitted in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES: _{SD-02 Shop Drawings} [_{Structural glued laminated} members; _G] [_{Trussed rafters}; _G] [_{Trussed joists}; _G] [_{Fabricated structural members}; _G] _{Modifications of structural members}; _G Drawings of structural laminated members, fabricated wood trusses, engineered wood joists and rafters, and other fabricated structural members indicating materials, shop fabrication, and field erection details; including methods of fastening. [Nailers and _{Nailing Strips}; _G Drawings of field erection details, including materials and methods of fastening nailers in conformance with Factory Mutual wind uplift rated systems specified in other Sections of these specifications.] _{SD-03 Product Data} [_{Local/Regional Materials}; (LEED) Submit documentation indicating distance between manufacturing facility and the project site. Indicate distance of raw material origin from the project site. Indicate relative dollar value of local/regional materials to total dollar value of products included in project.] [_{Salvaged Lumber}; (LEED) _{Recovered Lumber}; (LEED) Documentation certifying products are from salvaged/recovered lumber sources. Indicate relative dollar value of salvaged content products to total dollar value of products included in project.] [_Underlayment; (LEED) Documentation indicating type of biobased material in product and biobased content. Indicate relative dollar value of biobased content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Documentation indicating relative dollar value of rapidly renewable materials to total dollar value of products included in project. Submit documentation indicating percentage of post-industrial and post-consumer recycled content per unit of product. Indicate relative dollar value of recycled content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Where recycled lumber materials are used for structural applications, include lumber certification and quality grading.] _{Plastic Lumber}; (LEED) _{Fiberboard Wall Sheathing}; (LEED) _{Cellulose Honeycomb Panels}; (LEED) Submit documentation indicating percentage of post-industrial and post-consumer recycled content per unit of product. Indicate relative dollar value of recycled content products to total dollar value of products included in project. Where recycled lumber materials are used for structural applications, include lumber certification and quality grading. [_{Fire-retardant treatment Engineered wood products}; (LEED) _{Structural-use and OSB panels}; (LEED) Submit documentation verifying that no urea-formaldehyde resins were used.] [_{Oriented Strand Board}; (LEED) Submit documentation indicating relative dollar value of rapidly renewable materials to total dollar value of products included in project.] [_Adhesives; (LEED) Submit manufacturer's product data, indicating VOC content.] _{SD-05 Design Data Modifications of structural members}; _G Design analysis and calculations showing design criteria used to accomplish the applicable analysis. _{SD-06 Test Reports Preservative-treated} lumber and plywood _{SD-07 Certificates Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification}; (LEED) [_{Certificates of grade} Manufacturer's certificates (approved by an American Lumber Standards approved agency) attesting that lumber and material not normally grade marked meet the specified requirements. Certificate of Inspection for grade marked material by an American Lumber Standards Committee (ALSC) recognized inspection agency prior to shipment.] _{Preservative treatment SD-10 Operation and Maintenance Data Plastic} When not labeled, identify types in Operation and Maintenance Manual. _{Take-back program} Include contact information, summary of procedures, and the limitations and conditions applicable to the project. Indicate manufacturer's commitment to reclaim materials for recycling and/or reuse. _{SD-11 Closeout Submittals Local/Regional Materials}; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to local/regional materials credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. _{Plastic Lumber}; (LEED) _{Fiberboard Wall Sheathing}; (LEED) _{Cellulose Honeycomb Panels}; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to recycled content credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. _Adhesives; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to low emitting materials credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. _{Oriented Strand Board}; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to rapidly renewable materials credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. _{Engineered Wood Products}; (LEED) _{Structural-use and OSB Panels}; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to low emitting materials credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. _{Certified Wood}; (LEED) LEED documentation relative to certified wood credit in accordance with LEED Reference Guide. Include in LEED Documentation Notebook. 1.3 DELIVERY AND STORAGE Deliver materials to the site in an undamaged condition. Store, protect, handle, and install prefabricated structural elements in accordance with manufacturer's instructions and as specified. Store materials off the ground to provide proper ventilation, with drainage to avoid standing water, and protection against ground moisture and dampness. Store materials with a moisture barrier at both the ground level and as a cover forming a well ventilated enclosure. Store wood I-beams and glue-laminated beams and joists on edge. Adhere to requirements for stacking, lifting, bracing, cutting, notching, and special fastening requirements. [ Laminated timber shall be handled and stored in accordance with AITC 111 or APA EWS R540C. ] Remove defective and damaged materials and provide new materials. Store separated reusable wood waste convenient to cutting station and area of work. 1.4 GRADING AND MARKING 1.4.1 Lumber NOTE: Finger-jointed lumber is not allowed for Air Force construction. Mark each piece of framing and board lumber or each bundle of small pieces of lumber with the grade mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency. Such association or agency shall be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standards Committee, to grade the species used. Surfaces that are to be exposed to view shall not bear grademarks, stamps, or any type of identifying mark. Hammer marking will be permitted on timbers when all surfaces will be exposed to view. 1.4.2 Structural Glued Laminated Timber Mark each member with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of structural glued laminated timber products. The marking shall indicate compliance with AITC A190.1 and shall include all identification information required by AITC A190.1. [Structurally end-jointed lumber shall also be certified and grade marked in accordance with AITC A190.1.] 1.4.3 Plywood Mark each sheet with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of the plywood. The mark shall identify the plywood by species group or span rating, exposure durability classification, grade, and compliance with APA PS 1.Surfaces that are to be exposed to view shall not bear grademarks or other types of identifying marks. 1.4.4 _{Structural-Use and OSB Panels} Mark each panel with the mark of a recognized association or independent inspection agency that maintains continuing control over the quality of the panel. The mark shall indicate end use, span rating, and exposure durability classification. Oriented Strand Board (OSB), APA F405L. 1.4.5 _{Preservative-Treated} Lumber and Plywood The Contractor shall be responsible for the quality of treated wood products. Each treated piece shall be inspected in accordance with AWPA M2 and permanently marked or branded, by the producer, in accordance with AWPA M6. The Contractor shall provide Contracting Officer's Representative (COR) with the inspection report of an approved independent inspection agency that offered products comply with applicable AWPA Standards. The appropriate Quality Mark on each piece will be accepted, in lieu of inspection reports, as evidence of compliance with applicable AWPA treatment standards. 1.4.6 Fire-Retardant Treated Lumber NOTE: Do not use fire-retardant treated plywood on Navy projects. Mark each piece in accordance with AWPA M6, except pieces that are to be natural or transparent finished. In addition, exterior fire-retardant lumber shall be distinguished by a permanent penetrating blue stain. Labels of a nationally recognized independent testing agency will be accepted as evidence of conformance to the fire-retardant requirements of AWPA M6. 1.4.7 Hardboard, Gypsum Board, and Fiberboard Mark each sheet or bundle to identify the standard under which the material is produced and the producer. 1.4.8 _Plastic Lumber NOTE: The marking system indicated below is intended to provide assistance in identification of products for making subsequent decisions as to handling, recycling, or disposal. Label plastic products to be incorporated into the project in accordance with ASTM D 1972, or provide product data indicating polymeric information in the Operation and Maintenance Manual. a. Type 1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET, PETE). b. Type 2: High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). c. Type 3: Vinyl (Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC). d. Type 4: Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). e. Type 5: Polypropylene (PP). f. Type 6: Polystyrene (PS). g. Type 7: Other. Use of this code indicates that the package in question is made with a resin other than the six listed above, or is made of more than one resin listed above, and used in a multi-layer combination. 1.5 SIZES AND SURFACING ALSC PS 20 for dressed sizes of yard and structural lumber. Lumber shall be surfaced four sides. Size references, unless otherwise specified, are nominal sizes, and actual sizes shall be within manufacturing tolerances allowed by the standard under which the product is produced. Other measurements are IP or SI standard. 1.6 MOISTURE CONTENT Air-dry or kiln-dry lumber. Kiln-dry treated lumber after treatment. Maximum moisture content of wood products shall be as follows at the time of delivery to the job site: a. Framing lumber and boards - 19 percent maximum b. Timbers 125 mm 5 inches and thicker - 25 percent maximum [c. Roof planking - 15 percent maximum] d. Materials other than lumber - Moisture content shall be in accordance with standard under which the product is produced 1.7 _{PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT} NOTE: Water-borne preservatives are leach resistant, paintable, and easily worked. Whenever certain exposed uses require minimized swelling, shrinking, or splitting, then require that a water repellent be added to the treatment. Requirement of an independent inspection agency report or the AWPA Quality Mark verifies that the product was prepared and treated in accordance with its appropriate AWPA Standard and other specification requirements. Consult the EFD applied biologist for further guidance regarding specific treatments listed or additional treatments that may be required for special use items. All lumber and woodwork in the Key West and South Florida areas shall be preservative treated. As a substitute for treated lumber, plastic lumber and naturally durable heartwood reduces potential leaching of chemicals used in wood treatment. NOTE: According to the IARC and TCLP, noncompliant products include, but are not limited to, Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) treatments, Ammoniacal Copper Zinc Arsenate (ACZA) treatments, and those using pentachlorophenol or creosote. Compliant pressure preservative treatments include, but are not limited to, Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary (ACQ), and Copper Boron Azole (CBA). FSC-certified treated wood is available by special order. ACQ pressure-injected wood does not contain arsenic or chromium and is not classified as hazardous waste by EPA. Due to copper toxicity to aquatic organisms, it is not recommended for use near bodies of water. Treat wood products with waterborne wood preservatives conforming to AWPA P5. Pressure treatment of wood products shall conform to the requirements of AWPA U1 and AWPA T1. Pressure-treated wood products shall not contain arsenic, chromium, or other agents classified as carcinogenic, probably carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic to humans (compounds in Groups 1, 2A, or 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. Pressure-treated wood products shall not exceed the limits of the U.S. EPA's Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and shall not be classified as hazardous waste. Submit certification from treating plant stating chemicals and process used and net amount of preservatives retained are in conformance with specified standards.lumber and timber in accordance with AWPA C1 and AWPA C2, and plywood in accordance with AWPA C1 and AWPA C9. Treat structural glued laminated timber in accordance with AWPA C1 and AWPA C28. a. 4 kg per cubic meter 0.25 pcf intended for above ground use. b. 6.4 kg per cubic meter 0.40 pcf intended for ground contact and fresh water use. 9.6 kg per cubic meter0.60 pcf intended for Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary Compound (ACQ)-treated foundations. 12.8 to 16.1 kg per cubic meter0.80 to 1.00 pcf intended for ACQ-treated pilings. All wood shall be air or kiln dried after treatment. Specific treatments shall be verified by the report of an approved independent inspection agency, or the AWPA Quality Mark on each piece. [Do not incise surfaces of lumber that will be exposed.] Minimize cutting and avoid breathing sawdust. Brush coat areas that are cut or drilled after treatment with either the same preservative used in the treatment or with a 2 percent copper naphthenate solution. [All lumber and woodwork shall be preservative treated.] Plastic lumber shall not be preservative treated. The following items shall be preservative treated: 1. Wood framing, woodwork, and plywood up to and including the subflooring at the first-floor level of structures having crawl spaces when the bottoms of such items are 600 mm 24 inches or less from the earth underneath. 2. Wood members that are in contact with water. 3. Exterior wood steps, platforms, and railings; and all wood framing of open, roofed structures. 4. Wood sills, soles, plates, furring, and sleepers that are less than 600 mm 24 inches from the ground, furring and nailers that are set into or in contact with concrete or masonry. 5. Nailers, edge strips, crickets, curbs, and cants for roof decks. 1.7.1 Existing Structures NOTE: Permathrin is manufactured from water-based pyrethrum, degrades in sunlight, and affects air quality less than petroleum-based insecticides. Borate is considered safe for humans and other mammals, but is not for use in high-moisture areas. Use borate, permathrin, or a sodium silicate wood mineralization process to treat wood. Use borate for interior applications only. 1.7.2 New Construction NOTE: Boron-based preservative complies with the 1994 Uniform Building Code, which limits this treatment to above-ground use. Some preservatives are not recommended for use of wood in direct contact with ground because of the potential for leaching out of the preservative. Boron-based preservative has nonrestrictive handling requirements and low mammalian toxicity. Use a boron-based preservative conforming to AWPA P18, sodium silicate wood mineralization process, or Ammoniacal Copper Quaternary Compound to treat wood. Use boron-based preservatives for above-ground applications only. 1.8 _{FIRE-RETARDANT TREATMENT} NOTE: Items to be treated should be listed in this paragraph. Fire-retardant treatment should be specified when necessary to provide required fire resistance for the structure. Where wood will be exposed to heat or high humidity, as well as where wood is exposed on the exterior of buildings, specify exterior fire retardant treatment. Do not use fire-retardant treated plywood on Navy projects. Fire-retardant treated wood shall be pressure treated in accordance with AWPA C20 for lumber and AWPA C27 for plywood. Material use shall be defined in AWPA C20 and AWPA C27 for Interior Type [A] [and] [B] and Exterior Type. with fire retardants conforming to AWPA P17. Fire retardant treatment of wood products shall conform to the requirements of AWPA U1, Commodity Specification H and AWPA T1, Section 8.8. Treatment and performance inspection shall be by an independent and qualified testing agency that establishes performance ratings. Each piece or bundle of treated material shall bear identification of the testing agency to indicate performance in accordance with such rating. Treated materials to be exposed to rain wetting shall be subjected to an accelerated weathering technique in accordance with ASTM D 2898 prior to being tested. Such items which will not be inside a building, and such items which will be exposed to heat or high humidity, shall receive exterior fire-retardant treatment. [Fire-retardant-treated wood products shall be free of halogens, sulfates, ammonium phosphate, and formaldehyde. ]Items to be treated include the following: a. [_____]. 1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.9.1 Drawing Requirements For _{fabricated structural members}, trusses, qlu-lam members, indicate materials, details of construction, methods of fastening, and erection details. Include reference to design criteria used and manufacturers design calculations. Submit drawings for all proposed modifications of structural members. Do not proceed with modifications until the submittal has been approved. 1.9.2 Data Required Submit calculations and drawings for all proposed _{modifications of structural members}. Do not proceed with modifications until the submittal has been approved. [1.9.3 _{Certificates of Grade} Submit certificates attesting that products meet the grade requirements specified in lieu of grade markings where appearance is important and grade marks will deface material. ]1.9.4 Humidity Requirements NOTE: Comfort standards typically allow humidity to fluctuate to save energy costs. The amount of humidity control needed will vary with climate region and types of carpentry used. Sequence work to minimize use of temporary HVAC to dry out building and control humidity. 1.9.5 Plastic Lumber Performance Plastic lumber intended for use in exterior applications shall have no fading or discoloration and no change in dimensional stability as tested in accordance with ASTM D 1435 for a period of [1][3][5][_____] year[s]. 1.10 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS During and immediately after installation of treated wood, engineered wood products, and laminated wood products at interior spaces, provide temporary ventilation. 1.11 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1.11.1 _{Local/Regional Materials} NOTE: Using local materials can help minimize transportation impacts, including fossil fuel consumption, air pollution, and labor. Using materials harvested and manufactured within a 500 mile radius from the project site contributes to the following LEED credit: MR5. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Use second option if Contractor is choosing local materials in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. first option shall not be used for USACE projects. Army projects shall include second option only if pursuing this LEED credit. [Use materials or products extracted, harvested, or recovered, as well as manufactured, within a [500][_____] mile [800][_____] kilometer radius from the project site, if available from a minimum of three sources.][See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total local material requirements. Wood and materials may be locally available.] 1.11.2 _{Certified Wood} NOTE: NOTE: Using certified wood contributes to the following LEED credit: MR7. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition before specifying certified wood requirements. Use second option if Contractor is choosing certified wood products in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Army projects shall specify certified wood products only if pursuing this LEED credit. [Wood products shall be FSC-certified as specified herein.] [See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total certified wood requirements.] 1.11.3 _{Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification} NOTE: Use of FSC-certified wood contributes to the following LEED credit: MR7. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Use FSC-_{certified wood} where specified. Provide letter of certification signed by lumber supplier. Indicate compliance with FSC STD 01 001 and identify certifying organization. Submit FSC certification numbers; identify each certified product on a line-item basis. Submit copies of invoices bearing the FSC certification numbers. PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 MATERIALS NOTE: Wood is a renewable resource. Non-sustainable foresting of wood can produce soil erosion, pollutant runoff, increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and habitat loss. Supplies of clear grades and large-dimension timbers are limited. Specify lower grades and engineered wood products for large-dimension timbers when appropriate. 2.1.1 Virgin Lumber NOTE: Old growth timber comes from trees over 200 years old. In industry, it is high quality lumber in "upper" or "architectural" grades. Lumber suppliers should know which timber is old growth and which is not, but sources are not always tracked. Lumber fabricated from old growth timber is not permitted. Avoid companies who buy, sell, or use old growth timber in their operations, when possible. [Lumber shall be FSC-certified.] 2.1.2 _{Salvaged Lumber} NOTE: Salvaged lumber includes lumber from deconstruction or demolition of existing buildings or structures. Large-dimension timbers from first-growth trees are a limited resource; use in original dimensions if possible. Using salvaged materials contributes to the following LEED credit: MR3. Include submittal if pursuing this LEED credit, and coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Provide salvaged lumber where specified. Unless otherwise noted, salvaged lumber shall be delivered clean, denailed, and free of paint, finish materials, and other contamination. 2.1.3 _{Recovered Lumber} NOTE: Recovered lumber includes previously harvested lumber pulled from riverbeds or otherwise abandoned. Using recovered materials contributes to the following LEED credit: MR3. Include submittal if pursuing this LEED credit, and coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Use recovered lumber where practical. Unless otherwise noted, recovered lumber shall be delivered clean and free of contamination. Provide grading certificates for any recovered wood materials used in structural applications. 2.1.4 _{Engineered Wood Products} NOTE: Engineered wood products include plywood, OSB, composite wood panels, fiberboard, particleboard, glue-laminated beams, structural composite lumber, including laminated veneer lumber and parallel strand lumber, as well as I-joists and metal plate connected wood trusses. The use of engineered wood products can result in higher resource efficiencies than conventional lumber/timber construction. Waste is minimized due to uniformity of product. Spans and/or spacing may be increased for engineered joists over spans for same depth dimensional lumber. However, adhesive binders used in engineered wood products are any of several synthetic resins that pose varying degrees of human health risks. Engineered wood products might be more difficult to recycle than standard, solid sawn lumber due to the binders used in manufacturing. FSC-certified engineered wood products are available by special order. NOTE: Choose one of the formaldehyde options. If products are known to contain no added formaldehyde, testing for formaldehyde concentration is not required. Formaldehyde can be harmful (as an allergen or carcinogen) at any level of concentration above zero. At concentrations of about 40 ppb (cumulative for the indoor air space), formaldehyde can cause eye, nose, and lung irritations. NOTE: Using formaldehyde-free products contributes to the following LEED credit: EQ4. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition before specifying product urea-formaldehyde requirements. Army projects shall specify interior formaldehyde-free products only if pursuing this LEED credit. [Products [shall be FSC-certified][ and ][shall contain no added urea-formaldehyde [if exposed to interior spaces]]. [Determine formaldehyde concentrations in air from engineered wood products under test conditions of temperature and relative humidity in accordance with ASTM D 6007 or ASTM E 1333. Products shall not be used if formaldehyde concentration is found to be greater than [0][_____]. ]Determine Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), excluding formaldehyde, emitted from manufactured wood-based panels in accordance with ASTM D 6330. Products shall not be used if VOC emissions exceed [_____].] 2.1.5 Natural Decay- and Insect-Resistant Wood NOTE: Naturally durable wood is a chemical-free alternative to treated wood. The heartwood of the following species is considered naturally durable wood. Decay resistant species include redwood, South American ipe, bald cypress, longleaf yellow pine, elm, cedar, black locust, American chestnut, angico, and black walnut. Termite resistant species include redwood and Eastern red cedar. [Naturally durable wood shall be FSC-certified or salvaged. ]An occasional piece with corner sapwood shall be permitted if 90 percent or more of the width of each side on which the sapwood occurs is heartwood. 2.1.6 _{Plastic Lumber} NOTE: Plastic lumber is a durable, weather-resistant, recyclable, and low maintenance material. Plastic lumber is integrally colored and homogenous and so does not require painting. For lengths greater than 1.8 m6 feet or where deflection and creep are significant considerations (e.g., fencing, decking, and bollards), consider plastic lumber with fiber such as recycled cellulose or glass to improve stability and resistance to screw pullout. Typical plastic lumber applications include dimensional lumber, landscape timber, decking, parking stops, speed bumps, benches, tables, waste receptacles, playground structures, fencing, and signage. NOTE: Plastic lumber used for landscaping timbers and posts is an EPA designated product for recycled content. See Section 01670 RECYCLED/RECOVERED MATERIALS and include minimum recycled content options unless designer determines that justification for non-use exists. EPA recycled content requirements must be addressed in all projects regardless of optional LEED/other recycled content goals. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying products meeting EPA minimum recycled content. Use of materials with recycled content, calculated on the basis of post-industrial and post-consumer percentage content, contributes to the following LEED credit: MR4. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying product recycled content requirements. Use second option if Contractor is choosing recycled content products in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Army projects shall specify recycled content exceeding EPA requirements only if pursuing this LEED credit. HDPE lumber shall contain a minimum of [75][100] percent recycled content, with a minimum of [25][100] percent post-consumer recycled content. Mixed plastics and cellulose lumber shall contain a minimum of [100][_____] percent recycled content, with a minimum of [50][_____] percent post-consumer recycled content. HDPE/fiberglass lumber shall contain a minimum of [95][_____] percent recycled content with a minimum of [75][_____] percent post-consumer recycled content. Other mixed resin lumber shall contain a minimum of [95][100] percent recycled content with a minimum of [50][100] percent post-consumer recycled content. 2.1.6.1 Shear Parallel to Length Maximum 1,550 K/m21,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D 2344/D 2344M. 2.1.6.2 Density ASTM D 6111. 2.1.6.3 Compressive Strength a. Secant Modulus: Minimum 108,511 K/m270,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D 6108. b. Stress at 3% strain: Minimum 2,325 K/m21,500 psi in accordance with ASTM D 6108. c. Compression Parallel to Grain: Minimum 4,650 K/m23,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D 6112 . d. Compression Perpendicular to Grain: Minimum 1,550 K/m21,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D 6112 . 2.1.6.4 Flexural Strength Minimum 3,100 K/m22,000 psi in accordance with ASTM D 6109. 2.1.6.5 Tensile Strength Minimum 1,938 K/m21,250 psi in accordance with ASTM D 198. 2.1.6.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Maximum 0.000044 mm/mm/degree C0.000080 in/in/degree F in accordance with ASTM D 696. 2.1.6.7 Screw Withdrawal 0.35 K350 lbs in accordance with ASTM D 6117. 2.1.6.8 Nail Withdrawal 0.15 K150 lbs in accordance with ASTM D 6117. 2.2 LUMBER 2.2.1 Structural Lumber NOTE: When the minimum allowable unit stresses for structural lumber are not indicated on the drawings, check with the structural engineer. The following minimum allowable unit stresses are commonly used: 1. 7200 kPa Fb, 4800 kPa Ft, 5400 kPa Fc with 8300 MPa E1050 Fb, 700 Ft, 780 Fc with 1,200,000E for engineered uses, i.e., structural lumber used in fabrication of bolted trusses and other fabricated structural members for engineered uses, except trussed rafters. 2. 8300 kPa Fb, with 8300 MPa E1200 Fb, with 1,200,000E for repetition member uses, i.e., joists, rafters including trussed type, decking, and headers. [Except where a specific grade is indicated or specified,] Any of the species and grades listed in AF&PA T101 that have allowable unit stresses in kPa pounds per square inch (psi) not less than [[_____] Fb, [_____] Ft, [_____] Fc, with [_____] E] [allowable unit stresses indicated]. Use for joists, rafters, headers, trusses, beams (except collar beams), columns, posts, stair stringers, girders, and all other members indicated to be stress rated. [Structural lumber exposed to view in [_____] shall be appearance grade [of [_____] species] [of any species] meeting the allowable unit stresses [specified] [indicated].] Design of members and fastenings shall conform to AITC OT-01. Other stress graded or dimensioned items such as blocking, carriages, and studs shall be standard or No. 2 grade except that studs may be Stud grade. 2.2.2 Framing Lumber NOTE: Finger-jointed lumber is not allowed for Air Force construction. NOTE: Except for projects requiring huge quantities of lumber, delete species and grades not normally used where project is located. Edit the listing to suit the locality and the project. Framing lumber such as studs, plates, caps, collar beams, cant strips, bucks, sleepers, nailing strips, and nailers and board lumber such as subflooring and wall and roof sheathing shall be one of the species listed in the table below. Minimum grade of species shall be as listed. [Finger-jointed lumber may be used in the same applications as solid lumber of an equivalent species and grade, provided the finger-jointed lumber meets all the requirements of the certification and the quality control programs of the rules writing agency having jurisdiction and all applicable requirements of DOC FED PS56.] Table of Grades for Framing and Board Lumber   Grading Rules       Species             Framing             Board Lumber   WWPA G-5            Aspen               All Species:        All Species:   standard grading    Douglas Fir-Larch   Standard Light      No. 3 Common   rules               Douglas Fir South   Framing or No.                       Engelmann Spruce    3 Structural                       -Lodgepole Pine     Light Framing                       Engelmann Spruce    (Stud Grade for                       Hem-Fir             2x4 nominal size,                       Idaho White Pine    3 m and shorter)                       Lodgepole Pine                       Mountain Hemlock                       Mountain Hemlock                       -Hem-Fir                       Ponderosa Pine                       -Sugar Pine                       Ponderosa Pine                       -Lodgepole Pine                       Subalpine Fir                       White Woods                       Western Woods                       Western Cedars                       Western Hemlock   WCLIB 17            Douglas Fir-Larch   All  Species:       All Species:   standard grading    Hem-Fir             Standard Light      Standard   rules               Mountain Hemlock    Framing or No.                       Sitka Spruce        3 Structural                       Western Cedars      Light Framing                       Western Hemlock     (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           3 m and shorter)   SPIB 1003           Southern Pine       Standard Light      No. 2 Boards   standard grading                        Framing or No.   rules                                   3 Structural                                           Light Framing                                           (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           3 m and shorter)   SCMA Spec           Cypress             No. 2 Common        No. 2 Common   standard   specifications   NELMA Grading Rules Balsam Fir          All Species:        All Species:   standard grading    Eastern Hemlock     Standard Light      No. 3 Common   rules               -Tamarack           Framing or No.      except Stan-                       Eastern Spruce      3 Structural        dard for                       Eastern White       Light Framing       Eastern White                       Pine                (Stud Grade for     and Northern                       Northern Pine       2x4 nominal size,   Pine                       Northern Pine       3 m and shorter)                       Cedar   RIS Grade Use       Redwood             All Species:        Construction   standard                                Standard Light      Heart   specifications                          Framing or No.                                           3 Structural                                           Light Framing                                           (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           3 m and shorter)   NHLA Rules          Cypress             No. 2 Dimension     No. 2 Common   rules for the   measurement   and inspection   of hardwood   and cypress   lumber Table of Grades for Framing and Board Lumber   Grading Rules       Species             Framing             Board Lumber   WWPA G-5            Aspen               All Species:        All Species:   standard grading    Douglas Fir-Larch   Standard Light      No. 3 Common   rules               Douglas Fir South   Framing or No.                       Engelmann Spruce    3 Structural                       -Lodgepole Pine     Light Framing                       Engelmann Spruce    (Stud Grade for                       Hem-Fir             2x4 nominal size,                       Idaho White Pine    10 feet and shorter)                       Lodgepole Pine                       Mountain Hemlock                       Mountain Hemlock                       -Hem-Fir                       Ponderosa Pine                       -Sugar Pine                       Ponderosa Pine                       -Lodgepole Pine                       Subalpine Fir                       White Woods                       Western Woods                       Western Cedars                       Western Hemlock   WCLIB 17            Douglas Fir-Larch   All  Species:       All Species:   standard grading    Hem-Fir             Standard Light      Standard   rules               Mountain Hemlock    Framing or No.                       Sitka Spruce        3 Structural                       Western Cedars      Light Framing                       Western Hemlock     (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           10 feet and shorter)   SPIB 1003           Southern Pine       Standard Light      No. 2 Boards   standard grading                        Framing or No.   rules                                   3 Structural                                           Light Framing                                           (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           10 feet and shorter)   SCMA Spec           Cypress             No. 2 Common        No. 2 Common   standard   specifications   NELMA Grading Rules Balsam Fir          All Species:        All Species:   standard grading    Eastern Hemlock     Standard Light      No. 3 Common   rules               -Tamarack           Framing or No.      except Stan-                       Eastern Spruce      3 Structural        dard for                       Eastern White       Light Framing       Eastern White                       Pine                (Stud Grade for     and Northern                       Northern Pine       2x4 nominal size,   Pine                       Northern Pine       10 feet and                       Cedar               shorter)   RIS Grade Use     Redwood             All Species:        Construction   standard                                Standard Light      Heart   specifications                          Framing or No.                                           3 Structural                                           Light Framing                                           (Stud Grade for                                           2x4 nominal size,                                           10 feet and shorter)   NHLA Rules          Cypress             No. 2 Dimension     No. 2 Common   rules for the   measurement   and inspection   of hardwood   and cypress   lumber 2.2.3 _{Structural Glued Laminated} Timber NOTE: Specify appearance grade of lumber in glued laminated members when required by aesthetic considerations. Insert stress requirements necessary when not indicated on drawings. Wet condition should be specified when moisture content of member in service will exceed 16 percent for repeated and prolonged periods. Architectural or Premium Appearance Grade should be specified only when appearance is of major importance. Special stains and sealers may be specified in lieu of a penetrating sealer when required by aesthetic considerations. Individual wrapping should be specified when protection during erection is necessary. Preservative treatment in lieu of sealing should be specified for exposure conditions named in AITC A190.1. AITC A190.1, allowable working stress values for loads of normal duration in kPa pounds per square inch (psi) not less than the following: Bending Members, [_____] Fb, [_____] Fv, [_____] E. Compression Members, [_____] Fc, [_____] E. Tension Members, [_____] Ft, [_____] E. Fabricated with wet-use adhesives. Beams shall use [ glue-laminated][ and][ FSC-certified][laminated-strand][laminated-veneer] lumber. Posts and studs shall use laminated-strand lumber. Joists shall use laminated-veneer lumber. Members shall be [Industrial] [Architectural] [Premium] Appearance Grade, sealed with a penetrating sealer, and [individually wrapped] [bundle wrapped] as standard with the manufacturer and approved. Members shall be complete with hardware for joining laminated members and for their connection to other construction. 2.3 PLYWOOD, STRUCTURAL-USE, AND _{ORIENTED STRAND BOARD} (OSB) PANELS NOTE: Thicknesses and index or Span Rating numbers 16 ratings are used at 400 mm (modular SI spacing).Thickness and index or Span Rating number are minimums for usual loading and support spacing. Specific job conditions such as unusual loading, support spacing, surfacing material, and exposure may necessitate using other types of plywood or structural-use panels. Refer to American Plywood Association construction guides for additional guidance on specifying structural panel products. NOTE: OSB uses wood fiber more efficiently than plywood, uses fast-growing species such as aspen, and can use smaller-diameter trees. Use of rapidly renewable materials contributes to the following LEED credit: MR6. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. APA PS 1, APA PS 2, APA E445S, and APA F405L respectively. 2.3.1 Subflooring NOTE: Plywood, structural-use, and OSB panels, to receive floor finishes may be applied as (1) subflooring only; (2) combination subfloor-underlayment; or (3) subflooring with underlayment applied over the subfloor. Use subparagraph entitled "Plywood" or "Structural-Use and OSB Panels" for plywood or structural-use or OSB panel subflooring to receive direct application of T&G finish wood flooring or to receive underlayment for floor covering such as carpet, resilient tile, linoleum, and other nonstructural floor finishes. Use subparagraphs entitled "Plywood" and "Structural-Use and OSB Panels" in conjunction with paragraphs entitled "Underlayment" and "Hardboard Underlayment" when a separate underlayment application is desired. 2.3.1.1 Plywood NOTE: Identification Index 32/16 or Span Rating 24/16 should be specified for supports 400 mm 16 inches o.c. and 48/24 should be specified for supports 600 mm 24 inches o.c. Plywood or structural-use panel subflooring to receive square-edge wood flooring shall be specified to have T&G edges or edges to be supported by approved blocking or framing. C-D Grade, Exposure 1 durability classification, Span rating of [24/16] [48/24] or greater. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.1.2 Structural-Use and OSB Panels NOTE: Identification Index 32/16 or Span Rating 24/16 should be specified for supports 400 mm 16 inches o.c. and 48/24 should be specified for supports 600 mm 24 inches o.c. Plywood or structural-use panel subflooring to receive square-edge wood flooring shall be specified to have T&G edges or edges to be supported by approved blocking or framing. Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1, Span Rating of [32/16] [48/24] or greater. OSB, APA E445S , Rated Sturd-I-Floor. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.2 Combination Subfloor-Underlayment NOTE: Use subparagraph entitled "Plywood" "Structural-Use and OSB Panels" for combination subfloor-underlayment where application of an underlayment is not desired. This method is suitable for most types of finish flooring or floor covering and is normally more economical than an application of subflooring with an application of underlayment. 2.3.2.1 Plywood [Underlayment Grade, Exposure 1] [, or] [Exterior Type, C-C (Plugged) Grade]. [FSC-certified. ]Minimum thickness shall be as listed below [except where indicated to have greater thickness].                                             Underlayment      Support Spacing                      Minimum Thickness      400 mm                       12.7 mm for Group 1 species                                   15 mm for Group 2 and 3 species                                   18 mm for Group 4 species      600 mm                       18 mm for Group 1 species                                   22 mm for Group 2 and 3 species                                   25 mm for Group 4 species                                             Underlayment      Support Spacing                      Minimum Thickness      16 inches                    1/2 inch for Group 1 species                                   19/32 inch for Group 2 and 3 species                                   23/32 inch for Group 4 species      24 inches                    23/32 inch for Group 1 species                                   7/8 inch for Group 2 and 3 species                                   one inch for Group 4 species 2.3.2.2 Structural-Use Panel Combination subfloor-underlayment grade with durability equivalent to [Interior plywood with Exterior glue (Exposure 1)] [Exterior plywood], Span Rating of [16] [20] [24 ] [48] or greater. 2.3.3 Wall Sheathing 2.3.3.1 Plywood NOTE: Plywood wall sheathing 9.5 mm 3/8 inch thick should be specified for supports spaced 400 mm 16 inches on center, and 12.7 mm 1/2 inch thick plywood wall sheathing should be specified for supports spaced 600 mm 24 inches on center. C-D Grade, Exposure 1, and a minimum thickness of [9.5] [12.7] mm [3/8] [1/2] inch [, except where indicated to have greater thickness]. [FSC-certified. ][Provide exterior grade particleboard with phenol resin for interior and exterior applications.] 2.3.3.2 _{Structural-Use and OSB Panels} NOTE: Structural-use panels 9.5 mm 3/8 inch thick with a Span Rating of 16/0 or greater should be specified for supports 400 mm 16 inches o.c. and panels 11 mm 7/16 inch thick with a Span Rating of 24/0 or greater should be specified for supports 600 mm 24 inches o.c. Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1, Span Rating of [16/0] [24/0] or greater. OSB, APA Rated Sheathing. OSB shall be a phenolic-glued, low-formaldehyde board. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.4 Roof Sheathing 2.3.4.1 Plywood C-D Grade, Exposure 1, with an Identification Index of not less than [24/0] [_____]. [FSC-certified.] Provide exterior grade particleboard with phenol resin for interior and exterior applications. 2.3.4.2 Structural-Use Panel Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1, Span Rating of [24/0] [_____] or greater. 2.3.5 Diaphragms 2.3.5.1 Plywood [Structural I] [Structural II], [C-C] [C-D] grade, Exposure 1, and a minimum thickness of [_____] mm inch. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.5.2 Structural-Use and OSB Panels Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Exposure 1 and a minimum thickness of [_____] mm inch. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.6 Shear Walls 2.3.6.1 Plywood [Structural I] [Structural II], [C-C] [C-D] [_____] Grade and a minimum thickness of [_____] mm inch. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.6.2 Structural-Use and OSB Panels Sheathing grade with durability equivalent to Interior plywood with Exterior glue (Exposure 1) and a minimum thickness of [_____] mm inch. [FSC-certified.] 2.3.7 Other Uses 2.3.7.1 Plywood Plywood for [______.] [Plywood shall be FSC-certified.] 2.3.7.2 Structural-Use and OSB Panels Structural-use and OSB panels for [______.] [Panels shall be FSC-certified.] 2.4 _UNDERLAYMENT NOTE: Underlayment will be limited to plywood in areas of high moisture or occasional wetting of the finished floor. Particle board is permitted on Army projects only. NOTE: The 2002 Farm Bill - Section 9002, Federal Procurement of Biobased Products, requires each Federal Agency to develop a procurement program which will ensure that items composed of biobased products will be purchased to the maximum extent practical and which is consistent with applicable provisions of Federal procurement law. Use of biobased materials that are rapidly renewable contributes to the following LEED credit: MR6. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Underlayment shall conform to one of the following: 2.4.1 Hardboard AHA A135.4 service class, sanded one side, 6 mm 1/4 inch thick, 1200 mm 4 feet wide. [2.4.2 Particleboard NOTE: The Buyers and Specifiers Guide for CPA contains useful information about product materials and VOC content. CPA A208.1, Grade 1-M-1, 6 mm 1/4 inch thick, 1200 x 1200 mm. 4 x 4 feet. Compressed [straw][ FSC-certified wood] fibers with [phenol formaldehyde][polymeric methylene diisocyanate (PMDI)] resin binder. ]2.4.3 Plywood Plywood shall conform to APA PS 1, underlayment grade with exterior glue, or C-C (Plugged) exterior grade 9 mm 11/32 inch thick, 1200 mm 4 feet wide. 2.4.4 Oriented Strand Board OSB underlayment grade 6 mm 0.225 inch. 2.4.5 Fiberboard NOTE: Fiberboard is an EPA designated product for recycled content. See Section 01670 RECYCLED/RECOVERED MATERIALS and include recycled content options unless designer determines that justification for non-use exists. Use [structural fiberboard, minimum [80][100] percent recycled newspaper.] [gypsum fiberboard, minimum [15][_____] percent post-consumer newspaper.] [agrifiber particleboard.] [formaldehyde-free particleboard or MDF. Submit data indicating formaldehyde content]. 2.4.6 Strawboard Panels NOTE: Strawboard panels shall meet accepted industry standards at a minimum. Determine standards for reliable products and include in this paragraph, if currently referenced standards are not applicable. Minimum [70][85][_____] percent agricultural waste straw with no added formaldehyde binders. Submit data indicating formaldehyde content. 2.4.7 Cork NOTE: Cork shall meet accepted industry standards at a minimum. Determine standards for reliable products and include in this paragraph, if currently referenced standards are not applicable. Minimum [5][10][_____] percent post-consumer recycled content, or minimum [20][40][85][_____] percent post-industrial recycled content. Minimum [85][95][_____] percent biobased content. 2.5 OTHER MATERIALS 2.5.1 Hardboard Underlayment DOC FED PS58, service class, sanded on one side, 6 mm 1/4 inch thick 1200 mm 4 feet wide. 2.5.2 _{Fiberboard Wall Sheathing} NOTE: Fiberboard is an EPA designated product for recycled content. See Section 01670 RECYCLED/RECOVERED MATERIALS and include recycled content options unless designer determines that justification for non-use exists. EPA recycled content requirements must be addressed in all projects regardless of optional LEED/other recycled content goals. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying products meeting EPA minimum recycled content. Use of materials with recycled content, calculated on the basis of post-industrial and post-consumer percentage content, contributes to the following LEED credit: MR4. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying product recycled content requirements. Use last option if Contractor is choosing recycled content products in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Army projects shall specify recycled content exceeding EPA requirements only if pursuing this LEED credit. ASTM C 208, 600 mm wide by [13 mm thick for supports 400 mm (o.c.)] [20 mm thick for supports 600 mm o.c.] or 1200 mm wide by [13 mm thick for supports 400 mm o.c.] [20 mm thick for supports 600 mm o.c.], except only 1200 mm wide by 13 mm thick sheating over supports at 400 mm o.c. may be applied without corner bracing of framing 2 feet wide by [1/2 inch thick for supports 16 inches (o.c.)] [25/32 inch thick for supports 24 inches o.c.] or 4 feet wide by [1/2 inch thick for supports 16 inches o.c.] [3/4 inch thick for supports 24 inches o.c.], except only 4 feet wide by 1/2 inch thick sheathing over supports at 16 inches o.c. may be applied without corner bracing of framing Sheathing shall be asphalt impregnated or asphalt coated to render the sheathing water resistant but vapor permeable. Structural fiberboard shall contain a minimum of [80][100][_____] percent recycled content. Non-structural fiberboard shall contain a minimum of [100][_____] percent post-consumer recycled content.[ See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total recycled content requirements. This item may contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content.] 2.5.3 Gypsum Wall Sheathing ASTM C 79/C 79M, 12.7 mm 1/2 inch thick [fire retardant (Type X) 16 mm 5/8 inch thick]; 1200 mm 4 feet wide with square edge [for supports 400 mm 16 inches o.c. with or without corner bracing of framing] [or] [for supports 600 mm 24 inches o.c. with corner bracing of framing]; 600 mm 2 feet wide with V-tongue and groove (T&G) edge for supports [400] [or] [600] mm [16] [or] [24] inches o.c. with corner bracing of framing. 2.5.4 Foil-Faced Insulative Sheathing Wood fiber core, chemically treated for water resistance, with aluminum foil laminated under pressure to both sides with water-resistant adhesive; 1200 mm 48 inches or 48 3/4 inches wide; 2 mm 0.078 inch thick when used with corner bracing, 2.9 mm 0.115 inch thick with studs up to 400 mm 16 inches o.c. without corner bracing, or 3.5 mm 0.137 inch thick with studs up to 600 mm 24 inches o.c. without corner bracing. The sheathing and installation shall have been accepted by ICBO as conforming to ICC IBC. The sheathing alone shall have a thermal resistance value (R value) of not less than 0.20. 2.5.5 _{Cellulose Honeycomb Panels} NOTE: Cellulose panels are EPA designated products for recycled content. See Section 01670 RECYCLED/RECOVERED MATERIALS and include minimum recycled content unless designer determines that justification for non-use exists. EPA recycled content requirements must be addressed in all projects regardless of optional LEED/other recycled content goals. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying products meeting EPA minimum recycled content. Use of materials with recycled content, calculated on the basis of post-industrial and post-consumer percentage content, contributes to the following LEED credit: MR4. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying product recycled content requirements. Use second option if Contractor is choosing recycled content products in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Army projects shall specify recycled content exceeding EPA requirements only if pursuing this LEED credit. ASTM C 208. Panels shall be made of [kraft paper] [fire retardant paper] [and shall be impregnated with phenolic resins for moisture resistance].[ Panels shall contain a minimum of [100][_____] percent post-consumer recycled content.][ See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total recycled content requirements. This item may contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content.] 2.5.6 Building Paper FS UU-B-790, Type I, Grade D, Style 1. 2.5.7 _{Trussed Rafters} Metal plate connected trusses designed in accordance with TPI 1 and TPI HIB and fabricated in accordance with TPI 1. 2.5.8 _{Trussed Joists} Metal plate connected parallel chord wood trusses designed and fabricated in accordance with TPI 1. 2.5.9 Roof Decking NOTE: Delete this paragraph if the design does not include exposed decking. Commercial grade decking with minimum design value of 7.6 MPa 1100 psi in bending will normally be used unless higher strength is required. If a specific species is required for architectural purpose, the paragraph or drawings should reflect such a requirement. Roof decking is permitted on Army projects only. [Roof decking shall be [commercial] [select] grade with minimum design value of [0.9] [7.6] MPa [130] [1100] psi in bending. Decking shall be [50 mm 2 inches thick with single tongue and groove] [100 mm 4 inches thick with double tongue and groove]; V-jointed, matched and dressed. As an option, fabricated laminated lumber decking with interlocking tongue and groove joints may be provided.] 2.5.10 Miscellaneous Wood Members 2.5.10.1 Nonstress Graded Members Members shall include bridging, corner bracing, furring, grounds, and nailing strips. Members shall be in accordance with TABLE I for the species used. Sizes shall be as follows unless otherwise shown:        Member                               Size mm (inch)       _________                            ________________     Bridging                      25 x 75 (1 x 3) or 25 x 100 (1 x 4)                                   for use between members 50 x 300                                   (2 x 12) and smaller; 50 x 100 (2 x 4)                                   for use between members larger than                                   50 x 300 (2 x 12).     Corner bracing                25 x 100 (1 x 4).     Furring                       25 (1) x [50 (2)] [75 (3)]     Grounds                       Plaster thickness by 38.     Nailing strips                25 x 75 (1 x 3) or 25 x 100 (1 x 4)                                   when used as shingle base or interior                                   finish, otherwise 50 mm (2 inch) stock.        Member                               Size (inch)       _________                            _____________     Bridging                      1 x 3 or 1 x 4 for use between members                                   2 x 12 and smaller; 2 x 4 for use                                   between members larger than 2 x 12.     Corner bracing                1 x 4.     Furring                       1 x [2] [3].     Grounds                       Plaster thickness by 1-1/2.     _{Nailing strips}                1 x 3 or 1 x 4 when used as shingle                                   base or interior finish, otherwise                                   2 inch stock. 2.5.10.2 Wood Bumpers FS MM-T-371, Type I, Form A or B, and shall be oak. 2.5.10.3 Sill Plates Sill plates shall be standard or number 2 grade. 2.5.10.4 Blocking Blocking shall be standard or number 2 grade. 2.5.10.5 Rough Bucks and Frames Rough bucks and frames shall be straight standard or number 2 grade. 2.5.11 _Adhesives NOTE: Using low-VOC products contributes to the following LEED credit: EQ4. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Designer must verify availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed VOCs included in this guide specification) before specifying product VOC requirements. Army projects shall specify bracketed LEED VOC option only if pursuing this LEED credit. Comply with applicable regulations regarding toxic and hazardous materials[, GS-36][, SCAQMD Rule 1168,] and as specified. [Use water-based adhesives with maximum VOC content of 15 grams/liter [for all interior applications].] [ Interior adhesives, sealants, primers and sealants used as filler must meet the requirements of LEED low emitting materials credit.] 2.6 ROUGH HARDWARE Use of materials with recycled content, calculated on the basis of post-industrial and post-consumer percentage content, contributes to the following LEED credit: MR4. Coordinate with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Designer must verify suitability, availability and adequate competition (including verification of bracketed percentages included in this guide specification) before specifying product recycled content requirements. Use second option if Contractor is choosing recycled content products in accordance with Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION. Army projects shall specify recycled content only if pursuing this LEED credit. Unless otherwise indicated or specified, rough hardware shall be of the type and size necessary for the project requirements. Sizes, types, and spacing of fastenings of manufactured building materials shall be as recommended by the product manufacturer unless otherwise indicated or specified. [Fasteners shall be fabricated from 100 percent re-melted steel.][See Section 01 33 29 LEED(tm) DOCUMENTATION for cumulative total recycled content requirements. Fasteners may contain post-consumer or post-industrial recycled content.] Rough hardware exposed to the weather or embedded in or in contact with preservative treated wood, exterior masonry, or concrete walls or slabs shall be zinc-coated. [Nails and fastenings for fire-retardant treated lumber and woodwork exposed to the weather shall be copper alloy.] 2.6.1 Bolts, Nuts, Studs, and Rivets ASME B18.2.1, ASME B18.5.2.1M, ASME B18.5.2.2M, ASME B18.2.2, and ASTM A 687. 2.6.2 Anchor Bolts ASTM A 307, size as indicated, complete with nuts and washers. 2.6.3 Expansion Shields CID A-A-1923, CID A-A-1924, and CID A-A-1925. Except as shown otherwise, maximum size of devices shall be 10 mm 3/8 inch. 2.6.4 Lag Screws and Lag Bolts ASME B18.2.1. 2.6.5 Toggle Bolts FS FF-B-588. 2.6.6 Wood Screws ASME B18.6.1. 2.6.7 Nails [and Staples] NOTE: Staples are permitted for Army projects only. ASTM F 547, size and type best suited for purpose; staples shall be as recommended by the manufacturer of the materials to be joined. For sheathing and subflooring, length of nails shall be sufficient to extend 25 mm 1 inch into supports. In general, 8-penny or larger nails shall be used for nailing through 25 mm 1 inch thick lumber and for toe nailing 50 mm 2 inch thick lumber; 16-penny or larger nails shall be used for nailing through 50 mm 2 inch thick lumber. Nails used with treated lumber and sheathing shall be galvanized. Nailing shall be in accordance with the recommended nailing schedule contained in AF&PA T10. Where detailed nailing requirements are not specified, nail size and spacing shall be sufficient to develop an adequate strength for the connection. The connection's strength shall be verified against the nail capacity tables in AF&PA T101. Reasonable judgment backed by experience shall ensure that the designed connection will not cause the wood to split. If a load situation exceeds a reasonable limit for nails, a specialized connector shall be used. 2.6.8 Wire Nails ASTM F 1667. 2.6.9 Tacks FS FF-T-1813. 2.6.10 Timber Connectors Unless otherwise specified, timber connectors shall be in accordance with TPI 1, APA EWS T300E or AITC OT-01. 2.6.11 Clip Angles Steel, 5 mm 3/16 inch thick, size [as indicated][best suited for intended use]; or zinc-coated steel or iron commercial clips designed for connecting wood members. 2.6.12 Joist Hangers Steel or iron, zinc coated, sized to fit the supported member, of sufficient strength to develop the full strength of the supported member in accordance with ICC IBC, and furnished complete with any special nails required. 2.6.13 Tie Straps For joists supported by the lower flange of steel beams, provide 3 by 40 mm 1/8 by 1 1/2 inch steel strap, 600 mm 2 feet long [, except as indicated otherwise]. 2.6.14 Joist Anchors For joists supported by masonry walls, provide anchors 5 by 40 mm 3/16 by 1 1/2 inch steel tee or strap, bent and of length to provide 100 mm 4 inches embedment into wall and 300 mm 12 inches along joist [except as indicated otherwise]. For joists parallel to masonry or concrete walls, provide anchors 6 by 30 mm 1/4 by 1 1/4 inch minimum cross-sectional area, steel strap, length as necessary to extend over top of first three joists and into wall [100] [200] mm [4] [8] inches, and with wall end of bend or pin type [, except as indicated otherwise]. 2.6.15 Door Buck Anchors Metal anchors, 3 by 30 mm 1/8 by 1 1/4 inch steel, 300 mm 12 inches long, with ends bent 50 mm 2 inches [, except as indicated otherwise]. Anchors shall be screwed to the backs of bucks and built into masonry or concrete. Locate 200 mm 8 inches above sills and below heads and not more than 600 mm 24 inches intermediately between. [Anchorage of bucks to steel framing shall be [as indicated] [as necessary to suit the conditions].] 2.6.16 Metal Bridging [Where not indicated or specified otherwise,] No. 16 U.S. Standard gage, cadmium-plated or zinc-coated. 2.6.17 Toothed Rings and Shear Plates AF&PA T101. 2.6.18 Beam Anchors Steel U-shaped strap anchors 6 mm 1/4 inch thick by 40 mm 1 1/2 inches wide [, except as indicated otherwise]. 2.6.19 Metal Framing Anchors Construct anchors to the configuration shown using hot dip zinc-coated steel conforming to ASTM A 653/A 653M, Z275 G90. [Except where otherwise shown,] Steel shall be not lighter than 18 gage. Special nails supplied by the manufacturer shall be used for all nailing. 2.6.20 Panel Edge Clips Extruded aluminum or galvanized steel, H-shaped clips to prevent differential deflection of roof sheathing. 2.7 AIR INFILTRATION BARRIER NOTE: The drawings will indicate the location and extent of air infiltration barrier. Air infiltration barrier shall be building paper meeting the requirements of ASTM C 1136, Type IV, style optional or a tear and puncture resistant olefin building wrap (polyethylene or polypropylene) with a moisture vapor transmission rate of [125] [_____] g per square meter per 24 hours [125] [_____] g per square meter per 24 hours in accordance with ASTM E 96/E 96M, Desiccant Method at [23] [_____] degrees C or with a moisture vapor transmission rate of [670] [_____] g per square meter per 24 hours [670] [_____] g per square meter per 24 hours in accordance with ASTM E 96/E 96M, Water Method at [23] [_____] degrees C. PART 3 EXECUTION 3.1 INSTALLATION NOTE: NAHB guidelines were written for residential construction, but include techniques that can be used for wood framing in other types of construction as well. OVE uses engineering principles to minimize material usage while meeting model building code structural performance requirements. Using OVE techniques results in lower material and labor costs and improved energy performance for the building. While the system can be applied as a whole package, many of its components can be used independently, depending upon the specific needs of the project. Conform to AF&PA T10 and install in accordance with the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Advanced Framing Techniques: Optimum Value Engineering, unless otherwise indicated or specified. Select lumber sizes to minimize waste. Fit framing lumber and other rough carpentry, set accurately to the required lines and levels, and secure in place in a rigid manner. Space plastic lumber boards as necessary to allow for lengthwise expansion and contraction. Do not splice framing members between bearing points. Set joists, rafters, and purlins with their crown edge up. Frame members for the passage of pipes, conduits, and ducts. Provide adequate support as appropriate to the application, climate, and modulus of elasticity of the product. Do not cut or bore structural members for the passage of ducts or pipes without approval. Reinforce all members damaged by such cutting or boring by means of specially formed and approved sheet metal or bar steel shapes, or remove and provide new, as approved. Provide as necessary for the proper completion of the work all framing members not indicated or specified. Spiking and nailing not indicated or specified otherwise shall be in accordance with the Nailing Schedule contained in ICC IBC; perform bolting in an approved manner. Spikes, nails, and bolts shall be drawn up tight. Install plastic lumber with screws or bolts; if nails are used, use ring shank or spiral shank nails. [Timber connections and fastenings shall conform to AF&PA T101.] [Provide 50 mm 2 inch minimum clearance between chimneys and wood framing; provide 100 mm 4 inch minimum clearance at fireplaces. Fill the spaces with strips of approved noncombustible material.] Use slate or steel shims when leveling joists, beams, and girders on masonry or concrete. Do not use shimming on wood or metal bearings. When joists, beams, and girders are placed on masonry or concrete, a wood base plate shall be positioned and leveled with grout. The joist, beam, or girder shall then be placed on the plate. When joists, beams, and girders are set into masonry or concrete, a pocket shall be formed into the wall. The joist, beam, or girder shall then be placed into the pocket and leveled with a steel shim. 3.1.1 Sills Set sills level and square and wedge with steel or slate shims; point or grout with non-shrinking cement mortar to provide continuous and solid bearing. Anchor sills to the foundations as indicated. [Where sizes and spacing of anchor bolts are not indicated, provide not less than 16 mm 5/8 inch diameter bolts at all corners and splices and space at a maximum of 1800 mm 6 feet o.c. between corner bolts. Provide at least two bolts for each sill member. Lap and splice sills at corners and bolt through the laps or butt the ends and through-bolt not more than 150 mm 6 inches from the ends.] Provide bolts with plate washers and nuts. Bolts in exterior walls shall be zinc-coated. 3.1.1.1 Anchors in Masonry [Except where indicated otherwise,] Embed anchor bolts not less than 400 mm 15 inches in masonry unit walls and provide each with a nut and a 50 mm 2 inch diameter washer at bottom end. Fully grout bolts with mortar. 3.1.1.2 Anchors in Concrete [Except where indicated otherwise,] Embed anchor bolts not less than 200 mm 8 inches in poured concrete walls and provide each with a nut and a 50 mm 2 inch diameter washer at bottom end. A bent end may be substituted for the nut and washer; bend shall be not less than 90 degrees. Powder-actuated fasteners spaced 900 mm 3 feet o.c. may be provided in lieu of bolts for single thickness plates on concrete. 3.1.2 Beams and Girders Set beams and girders level and in alignment and anchor to bearing walls, piers, or supports with U-shaped steel strap anchors. Embed anchors in concrete or masonry at each bearing and through-bolt to the beams or girders with not less than two bolts. Provide bolts not less than 12 mm 1/2 inch in diameter and with plate washers under heads and nuts. Install beams and girders [not indicated otherwise] with 200 mm 8 inch minimum end bearing on walls or supports. Install beams and girders into walls with [12 mm1/2 inch clearance at the top, end, and sides] [or] [standard steel wall-bearing boxes]. Provide joints and splices over bearings only and bolt or spike together. 3.1.3 Roof Framing or Rafters Tops of supports or rafters shall form a true plane. Valley, ridge, and hip members shall be of depth equal to cut on rafters where practicable, but in no case less than depth of rafters and nominally 50 mm 2 inches thick. Rafters shall [be notched and] have full and solid bearing on plates. Valleys, hips, and ridges shall be straight and true intersections of roof planes. Necessary crickets and watersheds shall be formed. Rafters, except hip and valley rafters, shall be [spiked to wall plate and to ceiling joists with no less than three 8-penny nails] [bolted by angles]. Rafters shall be toe-nailed to ridge, valley, or hip members with at least three 8-penny nails. Rafters shall be braced to prevent movement until permanent bracing, decking or sheathing is installed. Hip and valley rafters shall be secured to wall plates by clip angles. Openings in roof shall be framed with headers and trimmers. Unless otherwise indicated, headers carrying more than two rafters and trimmers supporting headers carrying more than one rafter shall be double. Hip rafters longer than the available lumber shall be butt jointed and scabbed. Valley rafters longer than the available lumber shall be double, with pieces lapped not less than 1200 mm 4 feet and well spiked together. Trussed rafters shall be installed in accordance with TPI HIB. Engineered wood joists shall be installed in accordance with distributor's instructions. 3.1.4 Joists Provide joists of the sizes and spacing indicated, accurately and in alignment, and of uniform width. Joists shall have full bearing on sills, [plates,] [beams,] [girders,] [and] [trusses]; provide laps over bearing only and spike. Where joists are of insufficient length to produce a 300 mm 12 inch lap, butt joists over bearing and provide wood scabs 2 nominal inches thick by depth of joists by 600 mm 24 inches long or metal straps 6 by 40 mm 1/4 by 1 1/2 inch by not less than 450 mm 18 inches long nailed to each joist with not less than four 10-penny nails, or approved sheet metal connectors installed in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Provide joists built into masonry with [a beveled fire cut so that the top of the joist does not enter the wall more than 25 mm one inch] [or] [standard steel wall bearing boxes]. Provide metal hangers for joists framing into the side of headers, beams, or girders. [When a portion of the joist extends above the top flange of a steel beam or girder, provide a 10 mm 3/8 inch space between the top flange and the extended portion of the joists to allow for shrinkage of joists.] The minimum joist end bearing shall be 100 mm 4 inches, and joists built into concrete or masonry shall have a 12 mm 1/2 inch minimum clearance at the top, end, and sides. For joists approved to be bored for the passage of pipes or conduits, bore through the neutral axis of the joist. [Provide steel joist hangers of proper size and type to receive the ends of all framed joists.] [3.1.4.1 Floor (Ceiling) Framing Except where otherwise indicated joists shall have bearings not less than 100 mm 4 inches on concrete or masonry and 40 mm 1-1/2 inches on wood or metal. Joists, trimmers, headers, and beams framing into carrying members at the same relative levels shall be carried on joist hangers. Joists shall be lapped and spiked together at bearings or butted end-to-end with scab ties at joint and spiked to plates. Openings in floors shall be framed with headers and trimmers. Headers carrying more than two tail joists and trimmers supporting headers carrying more than one tail joist shall be doubled, unless otherwise indicated. Joists built into masonry shall be provided with [a beveled fire cut so that the top of the joist does not enter the wall more than 25 mm 1 inch] [or] [standard steel wall bearing boxes]. Engineered wood joists shall be installed in accordance with distributor's instructions. ]3.1.4.2 Doubled Joists Provide under bearing walls and partitions running parallel with the floor joists[, around [stairways,] [chimneys,] [fireplaces,]] and at other openings where joists are cut and framed. Double, space for clearance, block apart 1200 mm 4 feet on center, rigidly frame, and spike together joists under partitions that are to receive ducts, pipes, and conduits. 3.1.4.3 Tie Straps For joists supported by the lower flange of steel beams, provide straps at every fourth joist and the corresponding fourth joist on the opposite side. Tie joists across the top of the steel beam with a steel strap. Form straps to lie flat across the top of the beam and twist at the ends to provide flat contact with the side of each joist. Nail each strap at each end with three 10-penny nails spaced 50 mm 2 inches o.c. 3.1.4.4 Joist Anchors Provide anchors for each fourth joist supported by a masonry wall. Build wall end of anchors into the wall. Nail anchor to the joist with three 10-penny nails spaced 50 mm 2 inches o.c. Anchor the first three joists parallel to concrete or masonry walls at bridging points, but not less than 2400 mm 8 feet o.c. from end walls. Let anchors into the tops of each joist and spike to the top of joist with one 10-penny nail. Extend anchors at least [100] [200] mm [4] [8] inches into the wall. 3.1.5 Bridging Provide bridging for floor and ceiling joists and for roof rafters having slopes of less than 1/3. Locate bridging as indicated and as specified herein. Provide bridging for spans greater than 1800 mm 6 feet, but do not exceed 2400 mm 8 feet maximum spacing between rows of bridging. Install rows of bridging uniformly. Provide metal or wood cross-bridging, except where solid bridging is indicated. Do not nail the bottom end of cross-bridging until the subfloor has been laid. 3.1.5.1 Wood Cross-Bridging Provide wood cross-bridging not less than [1 by 3] [2 by 3] [2 by 4] nominal size. Nail wood cross-bridging at each end with [two 8-penny nails for one by thick material] [and] [three 8-penny nails for 2 by thick material.] 3.1.5.2 Metal Cross-Bridging Shall be the manufacturer's standard product, not less than 16 gage before forming and coating. Metal bridging shall be the compression type, lodged into or nailed to the wide faces of opposite joists at points diagonally across from each other near the bottoms and tops of joists. 3.1.6 Subflooring 3.1.6.1 Plywood, Structural-Use, and OSB Panels NOTE: Edges shall be supported with blocking for square-edged wood finish flooring, unless a separate underlayment layer is installed. Apply best side up with the grain of outer plies or the long dimension at right angles to joists. Stagger end joints and locate over the centerline of joists. [Support panel edges by nominal 2 by 4 members framed between joists so the edge joints of subfloor occur over the centerline of blocking.] Allow 3 mm 1/8 inch spacing at panel ends and 6 mm 1/4 inch at panel edges. Panels shall be continuous over two or more spans. Nail panels 150 mm 6 inches o.c. at supported edges and 250 mm 10 inches o.c. over intermediate bearing. Nails shall be 8-penny common or 6-penny threaded. Provide at least 12 mm 1/2 inch clearance between subflooring and masonry or concrete walls. Subflooring may be installed with adhesive conforming to ASTM D 3498 and nails spaced at 300 mm 12 inches on center unless otherwise shown. 3.1.6.2 Combination Subfloor-Underlayment NOTE: Edges shall be supported with blocking for square-edged wood finish flooring, unless a separate underlayment layer is installed. Apply with the grain of the face plies or the long dimension at right angles to joists. Panels shall be continuous over two or more spans. Stagger end joints of adjacent panels. Panel edges shall be T&G or supported by 2 by 4 members framed between joists so the edge joints of subfloor-underlayment occur over the centerline of blocking. Provide end joints of panels over the centerline of joists. Allow 3 mm 1/8 inch spacing between panel edge and end joints. Nail panels 150 mm 6 inches o.c. at ends and edges and 250 mm 10 inches o.c. along intermediate bearings unless they are glue-nailed in accordance with APA E30. Nails shall be 8-penny coated common or 6-penny threaded. Provide at least 12 mm 1/2 inch clearance between subfloor-underlayment and masonry or concrete walls. [Lightly sand all joints to receive [resilient flooring] [_____].] 3.1.6.3 Wood Subflooring shall be applied diagonally with end joints made over supports. Each board shall bear on at least three supports and shall be nailed at each support using two nails for boards 150 mm 6 inches and less in width and three nails for boards more than 150 mm 6 inches in width. 3.1.6.4 Depressed Subfloors Provide depressed subfloors to receive [ceramic] [and] [quarry] tile floors. Nail cleats or ledgers of one by four material to the sides of joists to support the flooring material. Place the cleats at a depth below the top of the joists sufficient to allow the installation of the subflooring below the tops of joists. Snugly fit subflooring as specified herein between joists. 3.1.7 Underlayment Install underlayment over subfloor just prior to laying of [resilient flooring] [_____] and protect from water and physical damage. Underlayment shall be [hardboard] [or] [particleboard] [or] [plywood] [or] [OSB]. Stagger end joints of underlayment with respect to each other, and stagger all joints with respect to paralleling panel joints in subfloor. Space panels 2 mm 1/16 inch apart at ends and 3 mm 1/8 inch apart at edges and at least 12 mm 1/2 inch from concrete or masonry walls. Nail panels 150 mm 6 inches o.c. along edges and 150 mm 6 inches o.c. each way throughout panel, but not closer than 10 mm 3/8 inch to panel edges. Nails shall be 4-penny annular ring or screw type and shall be countersunk 2 mm 1/16 inch. [Lightly sand all joints to receive [resilient flooring] [_____].] 3.1.8 Columns and Posts Set columns and posts, plumb, in alignment, and with full and uniform bearing. Do not embed the bottom and bearing surfaces of [posts] [columns] in concrete or set in direct contact with concrete slabs on grade. [Provide post and beam construction with [wood bolsters] [steel post caps] in such a manner that the post above will tier directly over the one below; fabricate the assembly in a rigid and substantial manner using bolts or lag screws.] 3.1.9 Wall Framing 3.1.9.1 Studs Select studs for straightness and set plumb, true, and in alignment. In walls and partitions more than 2400 mm eight feet tall, provide horizontal bridging at not more than 2400 mm 8 feet o.c. using nominal 50 mm 2 inch material of the same width as the studs; install the bridging flat. Sizes and spacing of studs shall be [_____] [as indicated]. Double studs at jambs and heads of openings and triple at corners to form corner posts. Frame corner posts to receive sheathing, lath, and interior finish. Truss over openings exceeding 1200 mm 4 feet in width or use a header of sufficient depth. Toe-nail studs to sills or sole plates with four 8-penny nails or fasten with metal nailing clips or connectors. Anchor studs abutting concrete or masonry walls thereto near the top and bottom and at midheight of each story using expansion bolts or powder-actuated drive studs. 3.1.9.2 Plates Use plates for walls and partitions of the same width as the studs to form continuous horizontal ties. Splice single plates; stagger the ends of double plates. Double top plates in walls and bearing partitions, built up of two nominal 50 mm 2 inch thick members. Top plates for nonbearing partitions shall be single or double plates of the same size as the studs. Nail lower members of double top plates and single top plates to each stud and corner post with two 16-penny nails. Nail the upper members of double plates to the lower members with 10-penny nails, two near each end, and stagger 400 mm 16 inches o.c. intermediately between. Nail sole plates on wood construction through the subfloor to each joist and header; stagger nails. Anchor sole plates on concrete with expansion bolts, one near each end and at not more than 1800 mm 6 feet o.c., or with powder-actuated fasteners, one near each end and at not more than 900 mm 3 feet o.c. Provide plates cut for the passage of pipes or ducts with a steel angle as a tie for the plate and bearing for joist. 3.1.9.3 Firestops Provide firestops for wood framed walls and partitions and for furred spaces of concrete or masonry walls at each floor level and at the ceiling line in the top story. Where firestops are not automatically provided by the framing system used, they shall be formed of closely fitted wood blocks of nominal 50 mm 2 inch thick material of the same width as the [studs] [and] [joists]. [Lightweight concrete units may be used at the first-floor level to serve jointly as firestopping and ratproofing.] 3.1.9.4 Diagonal Bracing Provide diagonal bracing at all external corners and internal angles and at maximum 12000 mm 40 foot centers in stud walls, except that bracing may be omitted where diagonally applied wood sheathing, plywood or structural-use panel sheathing, 1200 by 2400 mm 4 by 8 foot fiberboard sheathing, or gypsum board sheathing is used. Bracing shall be of 1 by 6 material, let into the exterior face of studs. Extend bracing from top plates to sill at an angle of approximately 45 degrees and double nail at each stud. When openings occur near corners, provide diagonal knee braces extending from the corner post above headers to top plates and from below window sills to the main sill. Nail bracing at each bearing with two 8-penny nails. 3.1.10 Wall Sheathing 3.1.10.1 Plywood, Structural-Use, and OSB Panel Wall Sheathing Apply horizontally or vertically. Extend sheathing over and nail to sill and top plate. Abut sheathing edges over centerlines of supports. Allow 3 mm 1/8 inch spacing between panels and 3 mm 1/8 inch at windows and doors. If sheathing is applied horizontally, stagger vertical end joints. Nail panels with 6-penny nails spaced 150 mm 6 inches o.c. along edges of the panel and 300 mm 12 inches o.c. over intermediate supports. Keep nails 10 mm 3/8 inches away from panel ledges. Provide 2 by 4 blocking for horizontal edges not otherwise supported. 3.1.10.2 Fiberboard Wall Sheathing Apply fiberboard wall sheathing allowing a 3 mm 1/8 inch joint at edges to permit expansion, except at frames and openings where sheathing shall be fitted snugly. Pre-expand sheathing before application, allowing sheathing to condition for humidity as recommended by the sheathing manufacturer. Provide 2 by 4 blocking for horizontal edges not otherwise supported. a. Fiberboard wall sheathing used with diagonal-braced framing shall be either 60 or 1200 mm 2 or 4 feet wide. Sheathing 600 mm 2 feet wide shall have T&G or shiplapped edges and shall be applied horizontally with vertical joints staggered. Apply sheathing with tongued edge up and nail at edges and intermediate bearings with 45 mm 1 3/4 inch long, zinc-coated steel roofing nails spaced on maximum 115 mm 4 1/2 inch centers. Apply sheathing 1200 mm 4 feet wide either horizontally or vertically. Nail sheathing with 45 mm 1 3/4 inch long, zinc-coated steel roofing nails spaced 100 mm 4 inches maximum o.c. at edges and 200 mm 8 inches maximum o.c. at intermediate bearings. b. Fiberboard wall sheathing used with unbraced framing shall be 1200 mm 4 feet wide. Apply sheathing vertically. Extend sheathing over and nail to sill and top plates. Locate joints over centerlines of supports. Nail sheathing with 40 mm 1 1/2 inch long, zinc-coated steel roofing nails with 9.5 mm 3/8 inch diameter heads. Space nails 75 mm 3 inches o.c. at edges and ends and 150 mm 6 inches o.c. at intermediate bearings. 3.1.10.3 Gypsum Sheathing Board Apply gypsum sheathing board either horizontally or vertically. Butt joints and locate over the centerlines of supports. Horizontally applied sheathing shall be T&G, applied with tongued edge up. Stagger vertical joints and abut sheet closely to frames of openings. Nail sheathing with 11 gage, 9.5 mm 3/8 inch head, zinc-coated nails 40 mm 1 1/2 inches long for 12.7 mm 1/2 inch sheathing and 45 mm 1 3/4 inches long for 16 mm 5/8 inch sheathing, spaced 10 mm 3/8 inch minimum from edges. Provide 2 by 4 blocking for horizontal edges of 1200 mm 4 foot wide panels not otherwise supported. a. Gypsum Sheathing Board Used with Diagonal-Braced Framing: Sheathing shall be either 600 or 1200 mm 2 or 4 feet wide. Apply sheathing 600 mm 2 feet wide horizontally. Nail 100 mm 4 inches maximum o.c. at edges and over intermediate bearings. Apply sheathing 1200 mm 4 feet wide either horizontally or vertically. Nail 150 mm 4 inches maximum o.c. at edges and 200 mm 8 inches maximum o.c. at intermediate bearings. b. Gypsum Sheathing Board Used with Unbraced Frames: Sheathing shall be 1200 mm 4 feet wide and applied vertically. Extend sheathing over and nail to both sill and top plates. Nail 100 mm 4 inches maximum o.c. at edges and 200 mm 8 inches maximum o.c. at intermediate bearings. 3.1.10.4 Foil-Faced Insulative Sheathing Apply sheathing vertically. Butt or overlap joints and locate over centerline of supports. Attach sheathing to framing with 30 mm 1 1/4 inch, large, flat-head, 11 gage, galvanized roofing nails or 16 gage, 11 mm 7/16 inch minimum crown, galvanized staples with 30 mm 1 1/4 inch legs. For nonstructural application (with corner bracing), space fasteners 150 mm 6 inches o.c. on all panel edges and 300 mm 12 inches o.c. on intermediate supports, regardless of sheathing thickness, for studs not more than 600 mm 24 inches o.c. For structural application (without corner bracing), for studs not more than 400 mm 16 inches o.c., space fasteners 75 mm 3 inches o.c. on all edges and 150 mm 6 inches o.c. on intermediate members using minimum 2.9 mm 0.115 inch thickness; for studs up to 600 mm 24 inches o.c., space fasteners 75 mm 3 inches o.c. on all edges and 75 mm 3 inches o.c. on intermediate supports using minimum 3.5 mm 0.137 inch thickness. 3.1.10.5 Particleboard Install according to manufacturer's instructions and accepted industry standards. 3.1.10.6 Cellulose Honeycomb Panels Install according to manufacturer's instructions and accepted industry standards. 3.1.11 Wood Sheathing Sheathing end joints shall be made over framing members and so alternated that there will be at least two boards between joints on the same support. Each board shall bear on at least three supports. Boards shall be nailed at each support using two nails for boards 150 mm 6 inches and less in width and three nails for boards more than 150 mm 6 inches in width. Roof sheathing shall not be installed where roof decking is installed. 3.1.12 Building Paper Provide building paper [where indicated] [on wood board sheathing for all types of exterior siding]. Apply paper shingle fashion, horizontally, beginning at the bottom of the wall. Lap edges 100 mm 4 inches, and nail with 25 mm one inch, zinc-coated roofing nails, spaced 300 mm 12 inches o.c. and driven through tin discs. 3.1.13 Ceiling Joists Size as indicated and set accurately and in alignment. Toe-nail joists to all plates with not less than three 10-penny nails. Frame openings in ceilings with headers and trimmers. 3.1.14 Metal Framing Anchors Provide framing anchors at every [other] [rafter] [or] [trussed rafter] to fasten [rafter] [or] [trussed rafter] to plates and studs against uplift movement and forces as indicated. Anchors shall be punched and formed for nailing so that nails will be stressed in shear only. Nails shall be zinc-coated; drive a nail in each nail hole provided in the anchor. 3.1.15 Trusses Metal plate connected wood trusses shall be handled, erected, and braced in accordance with TPI HIB and as indicated. 3.1.16 Structural Glued Laminated Timber Members Brace members before erection. Align members and complete all connections before removal of bracing. Unwrap individually wrapped members only after adequate protection by a roof or other cover has been provided. Treat scratches and abrasions of factory applied sealer with two brush coats of the same sealer used at the factory. 3.1.17 Plywood and Structural-Use Panel Roof Sheathing NOTE: The following requirements for size, type, and spacing of nails represent the minimum recommended by APA for roof sheathing. Modify these requirements to agree with UL or FM requirements for wind-tested roof assemblies. Install with the grain of the outer plies or long dimension at right angles to supports. Stagger end joints and locate over the centerlines of supports. Allow 3 mm 1/8 inch spacing at panel ends and 6 mm 1/4 inch at panel edges. Nail panels with 8-penny common nails or 6-penny annular rings or screw-type nails spaced 150 mm 6 inches o.c. at supported edges and 300 mm 12 inches o.c. at intermediate bearings. Do not use staples in roof sheathing. Where the support spacing exceeds the maximum span for an unsupported edge, provide adequate blocking, tongue-and-groove edges, or panel edge clips, in accordance with APA E30. 3.1.18 Stair Framing Cut carriages to exact shape required to receive treads and risers, with risers of uniform height and treads of uniform width. Provide trimmers, nailers, and blocking as required to support finish materials. 3.1.19 Plastic Lumber In conjunction with above requirements, follow manufacturer's recommendations for plastic lumber installation, including requirements for structural support, thermal movement, working, fastening, and finishing. Use standard woodworking tools, including carbide tips, coarse saw blades, and routers with aggressive cutters. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for repair by melting. 3.2 MISCELLANEOUS 3.2.1 Wood Roof Nailers, Edge Strips, Crickets, Curbs, and Cants Provide sizes and configurations indicated or specified and anchored securely to continuous construction. 3.2.1.1 Roof Nailing Strips Provide roof nailing strips for roof decks as [indicated] [and] [specified herein]. Apply nailing strips in straight parallel rows in the direction and spacing[ indicated][ specified in [_____]]. Strips shall be[ surface applied][ embedded in concrete]. a. Surface-Applied Nailers: Shall be 75 mm 3 inches wide and of thickness to finish flush with the top of the insulation. Anchor strips securely to the roof deck with powder actuated fastening devices or expansion shields and bolts, spaced not more than 600 mm 24 inches o.c. [On decks with slopes of 25 mm one inch or more, provide surface applied wood nailers for securing insulation [and for nailing of roofing felts].] b. Embedded Nailers: Shall be nominal 50 by 75 with 20 mm 2 by 3 with 2 inch sides beveled. Set and anchor nailers to finish flush with the roof deck surface. 3.2.1.2 Roof Edge Strips and Nailers NOTE: For SOUTHNAVFACENGCOM, indicate the anchorage type and spacing for all nailer attachments on the project drawings. Provide at perimeter of roof, around openings through roof, and where roofs abut walls, curbs, and other vertical surfaces. Except where indicated otherwise, nailers shall be 150 mm 6 inches wide and the same thickness as the insulation. Anchor nailers securely to underlying construction. Anchor perimeter nailers in accordance with FM DS 1-49. [Strips shall be grooved [as indicated] for edge venting; install at walls, curbs, and other vertical surfaces with a 6 to 12 mm 1/4 to 1/2 inch air space.] 3.2.1.3 Crickets, Cants, and Curbs Provide wood saddles or crickets, cant strips, [curbs for scuttles and ventilators,] [and wood nailers bolted to tops of concrete or masonry curbs] [and at expansion joints,] as indicated, specified, or necessary and of [lumber] [or [_____] mm inch thick exterior plywood]. 3.2.2 Rough Wood Bucks [Size as indicated] [50 mm2 inch nominal thickness]. Set wood bucks true and plumb. Anchor bucks to concrete or masonry with steel straps extending into the wall 200 mm 8 inches minimum. Place anchors near the top and bottom of the buck and space uniformly at 600 mm 2 foot maximum intervals. 3.2.3 Wood Blocking Provide proper sizes and shapes at proper locations for the installation and attachment of wood and other finish materials, fixtures, equipment, and items indicated or specified. 3.2.4 Wood Grounds Provide for fastening wood trim, finish materials, and other items to plastered walls and ceilings. Install grounds in proper alignment and true with an 2400 mm 8 foot straightedge. 3.2.5 Wood Furring Provide where shown and as necessary for facing materials specified. Except as shown otherwise, furring strips shall be nominal one by 3, continuous, and spaced 400 mm 16 inches o.c. Erect furring vertically or horizontally as necessary. Nail furring strips to masonry. Do not use wood plugs. Provide furring strips around openings, behind bases, and at angles and corners. Furring shall be plumb, rigid, and level and shall be shimmed as necessary to provide a true, even plane with surfaces suitable to receive the finish required. Form furring for [cornices,] offsets and breaks in walls or ceilings on 1 by 4 wood strips spaced 400 mm 16 inches o.c. 3.2.6 Wood Bumpers Dress to the sizes indicated, and bevel edges. Bore, countersink, and bolt bumpers in place. 3.2.7 Temporary Closures Provide with hinged doors and padlocks and install during construction at exterior doorways and other ground level openings that are not otherwise closed. Cover windows and other unprotected openings with polyethylene or other approved material, stretched on wood frames. Provide dustproof barrier partitions to isolate areas as directed. 3.2.8 Temporary Centering, Bracing, and Shoring Provide for the support and protection of masonry work during construction as specified in Section [_____]. Forms and centering for cast-in-place concrete work are specified in Section 03 30 00 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE. 3.2.9 Wood Sleepers Run wood sleepers in lengths as long as practicable and stagger end joints in adjacent rows. [Sleepers for gymnasium floors are specified in Section entitled "Gymnasium-Type Hardwood Strip Flooring Systems."] 3.2.10 Diaphragms NOTE: For plywood, select laying pattern, nail size, and spacing based on Table 25J of Uniform Building Code. For structural-use panels and OSB refer to APA Construction Guide. Install plywood, structural-use, or OSB panels with the long dimension [parallel] [perpendicular] to supports. End joints shall be [continuous] [staggered] and located over the centerline of supports. Longitudinal joints shall be [continuous] [staggered] [and provided with blocking]. Nail panels with [6] [8] [10]-penny nails spaced not more than [_____] mm inches on centers around the diaphragm boundaries [and along continuous panel edges] and [_____] mm inches on centers at all other supported edges and 300 mm 12 inches o.c. over intermediate bearings. 3.2.11 Shear Walls NOTE: For plywood, select nail size and spacing based on Table 25K of Uniform Building Code. For OSB and structural-use panels refer to APA Construction Guide. Install plywood or structural-use panels with long dimension parallel or perpendicular to supports. Provide blocking behind edges not located over supports. Nail panels with [6] [8] [10]-penny nails spaced not more than [_____] mm inches on centers along panel edges and 150 mm 6 inches o.c. over intermediate bearings. 3.2.12 Bridging Wood bridging shall have ends accurately bevel-cut to afford firm contact and shall be nailed at each end with two nails. Metal bridging shall be installed as recommended by the manufacturer. The lower ends of bridging shall be driven up tight and secured after subflooring or roof sheathing has been laid and partition framing installed. 3.2.13 Corner Bracing Corner bracing shall be installed when required by type of sheathing used or when siding, other than panel siding, is applied directly to studs. Corner bracing shall be let into the exterior surfaces of the studs at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, shall extend completely over wall plates, and shall be secured at each bearing with two nails. 3.2.14 Sill Plates Sill plates shall be set level and square and anchor bolted at not more than 1800 mm 6 feet on centers and not more than 300 mm 12 inches from end of each piece. A minimum of two anchors shall be used for each piece. 3.3 INSTALLATION OF TIMBER CONNECTORS Installation of timber connectors shall conform to applicable requirements of AF&PA T101. 3.4 ERECTION TOLERANCES a. Framing members which will be covered by finishes such as wallboard, plaster, or ceramic tile set in a mortar setting bed, shall be within the following limits: (1) Layout of walls and partitions: 6 mm 1/4 inch from intended position; (2) Plates and runners: 6 mm in 2400 mm 1/4 inch in 8 feet from a straight line; (3) Studs: 6 mm in 2400 mm 1/4 inch in 8 feet out of plumb, not cumulative; and (4) Face of framing members: 6 mm in 2400 mm 1/4 inch in 8 feet from a true plane. b. Framing members which will be covered by ceramic tile set in dry-set mortar, latex-portland cement mortar, or organic adhesive shall be within the following limits: (1) Layout of walls and partitions: 6 mm 1/4 inch from intended position; (2) Plates and runners: 3 mm in 2400 mm 1/8 inch in 8 feet from a straight line; (3) Studs: 3 mm in 2400 mm 1/8 inch in 8 feet out of plumb, not cumulative; and (4) Face of framing members: 3 mm in 2400 mm 1/8 in 8 feet from a true plane. [3.5 SPECIAL INSPECTION AND TESTING FOR SEISMIC-RESISTING SYSTEMS NOTE: Include this paragraph only when special inspection and testing for seismic-resisting systems is required by paragraph 3.2 of FEMA 302, NEHRP RECOMMENDED PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC REGULATIONS FOR NEW BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES. This paragraph will be applicable to both new buildings designed according to TI 809-04, SEISMIC DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS, and to existing building seismic rehabilitation designs done according to TI 809-05, SEISMIC EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION FOR BUILDINGS. The designer must indicate on the drawings all locations and all features for which special inspection and testing is required in accordance with Chapter 3 of FEMA 302. This includes indicating the locations of all structural components and connections requiring inspection. Add any additional requirements as necessary. NOTE: Use this paragragh regarding special inspection and testing for Army projects only. Special inspections and testing for seismic-resisting systems and components shall be done in accordance with Section 01 45 35 SPECIAL INSPECTION FOR SEISMIC-RESISTING SYSTEMS. ]3.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT NOTE: Take-back programs refer to programs in which the product manufacturer "takes-back" scrap material and/or packaging associated with its product. Diverting waste from the landfill contributes to the following LEED credit: MR2. Coordinate with Section 01572 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT. Designer shall verify that items are able to be disposed of as specified. In accordance with the Waste Management Plan and as specified. [Separate and reuse scrap sheet materials larger than [2 square feet 0.2 square meters][_____], framing members larger than [16 inches 406 mm][_____], and multiple offcuts of any size larger than [12 inches 305 mm][_____].] Clearly separate damaged wood and other scrap lumber for acceptable alternative uses on site, including bracing, blocking, cripples, ties, and shims. [Separate composite wood from other wood types and recycle or reuse.] [Coordinate with manufacturer for _{take-back program} and submit manufacturer's policy statement on program.] [Set aside scrap [plastic lumber] and return to manufacturer for recycling into new product. When such a service is not available, local recyclers shall be sought after to reclaim the materials.] [Fold up metal banding, flatten, and recycle.] Separate treated, stained, painted, and contaminated wood and place in designated area for hazardous materials. Dispose of according to local regulations. [Do not leave any wood, shavings, sawdust, or other wood waste buried in fill or on the ground[, unless for planned future use].] [Prevent sawdust and wood shavings from entering the storm drainage system.] [Compost sawdust. ]Do not burn scrap lumber that has been pressure treated, or lumber that is less than one year old. 3.7 SCHEDULE Some metric measurements in this section are based on mathematical conversion of inch-pound measurements. Typical conversion is as shown:   PRODUCTS                INCH-POUND                         METRIC                            Nominal                         Conversion   Sawn lumber               2 x 4                         38 x 89 mm                             1 by                          19 mm by   Stud spacing              16 inches                     400 mm                             If not 48 inches panel        406 mm   Plywood                   48 by 96 inches               1200 by 2400 mm