USACE / NAVFAC / AFCESA / NASA UFGS-33 20 00 (April 2008)
---------------------------
Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding
UFGS-33 20 00 (April 2006)
UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2009
SECTION 33 20 00
WATER WELLS
04/08
NOTE: This guide specification covers the requirements for drilling of water
supply wells in addition to extraction, and injection wells at hazardous, toxic,
and radioactive waste (HTRW) sites, and furnishing and installing the pump,
and associated testing.
Edit this guide specification for project specific requirements by adding, deleting,
or revising text. For bracketed items, choose applicable items(s) or insert
appropriate information.
Remove information and requirements not required in respective project, whether
or not brackets are present.
Comments and suggestions on this guide specification are welcome and should
be directed to the technical proponent of the specification. A listing of technical
proponents, including their organization designation and telephone number, is
on the Internet.
Recommended changes to a UFGS should be submitted as a Criteria Change Request
(CCR).
PART 1 GENERAL
NOTE: TO DOWNLOAD UFGS GRAPHICS
Go to http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/NAVGRAPH/graphtoc.pdf.
DRAWINGS
Drawings should include the following and any other information necessary to
indicate layout and general configuration of the well.
Diameter of drilled hole
Casing sizes - outside casing, inside casing
Well screen size
Minimum depth of outer casing and minimum depth of well screen
Limits of gravel envelope around inside casing and screens
Limits of neat cement grout around outer casing
Location of air line and altitude gage
Type of cap, cover, or seal required at top of well
Required well capacity in gallons per minute.
1.1 UNIT PRICES
NOTE: Separate pay items for test holes and water wells must be included in
the contract.
Payment for each specified item will be made at the contract unit price for that item. Payment will include
full compensation for equipment, materials and labor for drilling; removal and disposal of temporary casing,
cuttings, and drill fluid; preparation of borehole logs; and sample handling, containers, storage, and testing.
Depth, logging, installation, casing, riser pipe, and well screen shall be measured by linear distance. Payment
will not be allowed for test holes or wells abandoned due to construction practices not in accordance with this
specification, faulty construction practices or for the convenience of the Contractor.
1.1.1 Test Hole
Compensation for the test hole will be made at the contract unit price and will include material, equipment,
and labor required to drill and perform tests on the test hole. Depth shall be measured as the total linear
distance between ground surface and bottom of hole. If the total depth of hole is greater than that specified
on the contract for "Test Hole," the additional depth will be paid for at the contract unit price for "Additional
Test Hole Depth." If the test hole is developed into the permanent well with no increase in diameter, the Contractor
will be compensated as described below, and separate payment will not be made for the test hole.
1.1.2 Water Well
Compensation for the water well will be made at the contract unit price and will include material, equipment,
and labor required to drill, develop, perform tests, and complete the permanent well. Depth shall be measured
as the total linear distance between ground surface and bottom of hole. If the total depth of well is greater
than that specified in the contract for "Water Well," the additional depth will be paid for at the contract unit
price for "Additional Water Well Depth."
1.1.3 Observation Well
Compensation for an observation well will be made at the contract unit price and will include material, equipment
and labor required to drill, install, and complete the observation well, as well as perform tests and permanently
grout it after use. Depth shall be measured as the total linear distance between ground surface and bottom of
hole. If the total combined depth of observation wells is greater than that specified in the contract for "Observation
Wells," the additional depth will be paid for at the contract unit price for "Additional Observation Well Depth."
1.1.4 Geophysical Logging
NOTE: Delete this paragraph if not applicable for the project.
The "Geophysical Logging" unit price will include interpretation of the logs and their delivery to the Government.
1.1.5 Well or Test Hole Decommissioning/Abandonment
Permanent decommissioning/abandonment of wells or test holes will be paid for only if it becomes necessary to
abandon a well or test hole as specified, and only for work completed and accepted as specified. Payment will
include compensation for drilling, casing removal, well sampling, materials, cement, mixing of cement, bentonite,
and water, pumping of grout, equipment, removal of foreign objects, and transportation necessary to abandon the
well or test hole and for the required well or test hole abandonment records.
1.1.6 Site Cleanup
Separate payment will not be made for cleanup of the site. Cleanup will mean restoring the site to its pre-construction
condition, in accordance with paragraph SITE CLEANUP. Cleanup will be considered part of and incidental to the
drilling, construction, and/or decommissioning of the well.
1.2 REFERENCES
NOTE: This paragraph is used to list the publications cited in the text of
the guide specification. The publications are referred to in the text by basic
designation only and listed in this paragraph by organization, designation,
date, and title.
Use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature when you add a RID outside
of the Section's Reference Article to automatically place the reference in the
Reference Article. Also use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature
to update the issue dates.
References not used in the text will automatically be deleted from this section
of the project specification when you choose to reconcile references in the
publish print process.
The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are
referred to within the text by the basic designation only.
[AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (AWWA)AWWA 10084(2005) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and WastewaterAWWA A100(2006; Errata 2007) Water WellsAWWA B300(2004) HypochloritesAWWA B301(2004) Liquid ChlorineAWWA C200(2005) Steel Water Pipe - 6 In. (150 mm) and LargerAWWA C206(2003) Field Welding of Steel Water PipeAWWA C654(2003) Disinfection of Wells][ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)ASTM A 139/A 139M(2004) Standard Specification for Electric-Fusion (ARC)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and over)ASTM A 312/A 312M(2008a) Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel PipesASTM A 53/A 53M(2007) Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and SeamlessASTM C 136(2006) Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesASTM C 150(2007) Standard Specification for Portland CementASTM D 1586(2008a) Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsASTM D 1587(2008) Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesASTM D 1785(2006) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC), Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120ASTM D 2216(2005) Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassASTM D 2239(2003) Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SIDR-PR) Based on Controlled Inside DiameterASTM D 2487(2006e1) Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)ASTM D 2488(2006) Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)ASTM D 4318(2005) Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of SoilsASTM D 4750(1987; R 2001) Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)ASTM D 5079(2008) Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesASTM D 5088(2002; R 2008) Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste SitesASTM D 5299(1999; R 2005) Decommissioning of Ground Water Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices for Environmental ActivitiesASTM D 5521(2005) Development of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells in Granular AquifersASTM D 5608(2001; R 2006) Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste SitesASTM F 480(2006b) Thermoplastic Well Casing Pipe and Couplings Made in Standard Dimension Ratios (SDR), SCH 40 and SCH 80][U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)CED TR GL-85-3(1985) Geotechnical Descriptions of Rock and Rock Masses][U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)EPA 600/4-79/020(1983) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes][U.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION (NARA)49 CFR 172Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous Materials Communications, Emergency Response Information, and Training Requirements]1.3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
NOTE: The geologist must be aware of the approximate depth of well and length
of screen required to provide sufficient water to fulfill project requirements
and the quality of water to be expected at that depth. (The Post, or Resident
Engineers office, or local USGS office is a good source for this information.)
This knowledge is necessary to estimate well drilling costs and to determine
what type of treatment is required to make the water usable. Any such site-specific
conditions or criteria for individual projects should be included in this paragraph.
The geologist must ensure that well design meets or exceeds Federal, state,
and local installation requirements. Additional criteria may apply for wells
at radioactive, mixed, biological, solid, or medical waste sites. Guidance
on water well construction may be found in Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Manual of Water Well Construction Practices (570/9-75/001).
The well shall be located [as shown] [where directed], and be constructed in accordance with these specifications.
Each well shall be installed to prevent aquifer contamination by the drilling operation and equipment, intra-
and inter-aquifer contamination, and vertical seepage of surface water adjacent to the well into the subsurface,
especially the well intake zone.
1.3.1 Notification
The [Installation Environmental Coordinator (IEC)] [_____] [and the] Contracting Officer shall be notified [_____]
days prior to drilling. The [Contracting Officer] [Contractor] [Installation Environmental Coordinator (IEC)]
[_____] shall be responsible for contacting the [State of [_____]] [USEPA] in accordance with the applicable
reporting requirements. Before beginning work, the local United States Geological Survey office (USGS) [and
the] [State Environmental Protection office] [State Geological Agency] [state health department] [local health
department] shall be notified of the type and location of wells to be constructed, the method of construction
and anticipated schedule for construction of the wells.
1.3.2 Abandonment of Wells
If the Contractor fails to construct a well of the required capacity, or if the well is abandoned because of
loss of tools, or for any other cause, abandon the hole as specified in paragraph WELL DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT.
1.4 SUBMITTALS
NOTE: Review submittal description (SD) definitions in Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL
PROCEDURES and edit the following list to reflect only the submittals required
for the project. Submittals should be kept to the minimum required for adequate
quality control.
A “G” following a submittal item indicates that the submittal requires Government
approval. Some submittals are already marked with a “G”. Only delete an existing
“G” if the submittal item is not complex and can be reviewed through the Contractor’s
Quality Control system. Only add a “G” if the submittal is sufficiently important
or complex in context of the project.
For submittals requiring Government approval on Army projects, a code of up
to three characters within the submittal tags may be used following the "G"
designation to indicate the approving authority. Codes for Army projects using
the Resident Management System (RMS) are: "AE" for Architect-Engineer; "DO"
for District Office (Engineering Division or other organization in the District
Office); "AO" for Area Office; "RO" for Resident Office; and "PO" for Project
Office. Codes following the "G" typically are not used for Navy, Air Force,
and NASA projects.
Choose the first bracketed item for Navy, Air Force and NASA projects, or choose
the second bracketed item for Army projects.
Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" designation; submittals not having a "G" designation
are for [Contractor Quality Control approval.][information only. When used, a designation following the "G"
designation identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government.] The following shall be
submitted in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES:
SD-02 Shop Drawings
Installation Diagrams[; G][; G, [_____]].
As-built installation diagram for each well installed, prepared by the geologist present during
well installation operations, within [_____] working days of the completion of the well installation
procedure.
SD-03 Product Data
Well Installation Plan[; G][; G, [_____]].
A plan as specified in paragraph WELL INSTALLATION PLAN describing the drilling methods, sampling,
and well construction and well development [30] [_____] calendar days prior to beginning drilling
operations. Mobilization activities may start prior to submittal of the plan. The plan shall
be approved and signed by an experienced geologist as specified in paragraph QUALIFICATIONS.
Well Material
Catalog data, and name of supplier, for well screens (to include the screen slot size), casing,
riser pipe, filter pack material, bentonite, cement, centralizers, surface protective covers,
well vaults, locking caps, airline oil filters for pneumatic drilling, dedicated sampling equipment,
pumps, and chemical specifications on drill lubricants, tracers, disinfecting agents, and drill
fluid additives, if used. Catalog data shall include any information, written or otherwise,
supplied by the manufacturers or suppliers of the above listed items.
Qualifications
Personnel qualification documentation.
Site Conditions
A copy of all permits, licenses, or other legal requirements necessary for execution of the
work shall be furnished [_____] working days before commencement of the work.
Geophysical Logging
[Five] [_____] prints of the graphic boring log prepared to scale showing the required details,
within [_____] working days after completion of the test hole. This drawing shall be used for
determining the well design, design of the filter pack, well screen location and screen openings.
SD-06 Test Reports
Survey Maps and Notes
Survey maps and notes, including a tabulated list of all wells and monuments, copies of all
field books, maps showing the locations, and elevations of all wells, datum used (e.g. state
plane NAD27, NAD83, UTM, etc.), elevation datum, units of measurement, and all computation sheets,
within [_____] working days after completion of the survey. Also, a diagram showing where on
the top of the well the elevation was determined by the surveyor.
Well Development Records
A well development record, for each well, within [_____] working days of the completion of
development.
Geophysical Logs
Interpreted geophysical logs, within [_____] working days of the completion of said logging.
Decommissioning/Abandonment Records
A well decommissioning record, for each well, or test hole abandoned, within [_____] working
days of the completion of the abandonment procedure.
Project Photographs
Before, during, and after completion of the work, take photographs of each well installation
site. Photographs shall also be taken of any rock that is cored at the site.
Water Source
Decontamination and drilling water source analytical test results, within [____] working days
before beginning drilling operations.
Filter Pack
Filter pack material test results; sieve and chemical analyses, within [____] working days
after completion of the test hole.
Tests.
Test Reports within [_____] [24] hours following the conclusion of each test.
SD-07 Certificates
NOTE: Edit the submittal requirements based on the type of well (consolidated
or unconsolidated). If the specification is written for a consolidated well,
delete the well components which are not normally required in consolidated formations,
such as inner casing, well screen, and gravel fill.
Casing
Cement and Bentonite Grout
Air line and gauge
Drilling mud
[Well Screens]
Water removed
Graveling equipment list
Construction of Filter Pack
1.5 QUALITY ASSURANCE
1.5.1 Well Installation Plan
Incorporate the following requirements into the Contractor's Well Installation Plan and follow them in the field.
The plan shall include, but shall not be limited to, a discussion of the following:
a. Description of well drilling methods, and installation procedures, including any temporary casing
used, placement of filter pack and seal materials, drill cuttings and fluids disposal, and soil/rock
sample disposition.
b. Description of well construction materials, including well screen, riser pipe, centralizers, air
line and gauge, tailpiece (if used), filter pack and filter pack gradation, bentonite or drilling mud
, drilling fluid additives (if used), drilling water, cement, and well protective measures.
c. Description of quality control procedures to be used for placement of filter pack and seals in the
boring, including depth measurements.
d. Forms to be used for written boring logs, installation diagrams of wells, geophysical logs, well
development records, well sampling data records, state well registration forms, and well abandonment
records.
e. Description of contamination prevention and well materials and equipment decontamination procedures.
f. Description of protective cover surface completion procedures, including any special design criteria/features
relating to frost heave prevention. The maximum frost penetration for the site shall be included in
this description.
g. Description of well development methods to be used.
h. List of applicable publications, including state and local regulations and standards.
i. List of personnel assignments for this project, and personnel qualifications.
j. Description of well decommissioning/abandonment procedures.
k. Description of well capacity testing techniques.
l. Description and discussion of geophysical techniques to be employed at the site.
m. Description of permanent pump to be installed, and discussion of pump operating tests to be employed
at the site.
n. Description of specific methods to be employed to control potential contamination or pollution arising
from well installation activities.
1.5.2 Qualifications
NOTE: When installing extraction, or injection wells for environmental purposes,
it is important that the Contractor have personnel experienced in hazardous
waste projects, and have the proper safety training in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.120.
A geologist with at least [3] [_____] years experience in [hazardous waste projects,] soil and rock logging,
and well installation, [registered in the state of [_____],] shall be on site and responsible for all geophysical
and borehole logging, drilling, well installation, developing and testing activities. The driller shall be licensed
in the state of [_____], according to the state requirements. Geophysical log interpretation shall be done by
a qualified log analyst. The log analyst shall be able to demonstrate competence through background, training,
and experience when so called upon. The Contractor shall have a minimum of [_____] years of well installation
experience. [The Contractor's staff shall include appropriate health and safety personnel as specified in Section
01 35 29.13 HEALTH, SAFETY, AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES FOR CONTAMINATED SITES, and personnel qualified
to perform the necessary chemical sampling as presented in the approved Sampling and Analysis Plan, prepared
as specified in Section 01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALITY CONTROL.]
1.5.3 Test Holes
NOTE: The test hole and capacity test should be specified if there is reason
to believe that the well may not produce the required yield at the design depth.
If the required yield is not obtained, the test hole may be drilled deeper or
the location changed before the complete well is constructed. Requirements
for the test hole may be deleted if the well is to be constructed in an area
where other wells of similar depth and design are performing adequately. However,
a drill log should be made and capacity test should be performed for all wells
to provide an "as-built" record.
Before starting construction of the well, a test hole of at least [100][_____] mm [4] [_____] inches in diameter
shall be drilled at the location of the well into the target water bearing [stratum] [strata] as directed by
the Contracting Officer. Test holes should be drilled in a manner to protect the subsurface from surface contamination.
Test holes should be carefully advanced and sampled to determine the presence of the upper aquiclude if one exists.
The boring should then be properly cased, grouted, and sealed into the aquiclude before the boring is advanced
through the aquiclude into the aquifer. The test hole shall be used to determine the expected yield from the
well, water quality, optimum depth, and to log the strata encountered. Before conducting a capacity test, the
well shall be cased, and screened in accordance with these specifications. Test holes shall be logged in accordance
with paragraph BOREHOLE LOGS. A temporary casing [may] [shall] be used. If used, the temporary casing shall
be seated [into the top of the rock] [at the top of the stratum being tested]. The test hole may be converted
to the permanent well, in accordance with these specifications. If the test hole is not used for the permanent
well, the test hole shall be abandoned as specified in paragraph WELL DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT.
1.5.4 Sampling
NOTE: Sampling for chemical and geotechnical analysis may be combined to allow
for obtaining samples for both if that accomplishes project requirements. If
this is done, however, the geotechnical sampling must be coordinated with the
requirements in Section 01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALIFY CONTROL for sampling
for chemical analysis. When sampling at an HTRW site, properly decontaminated
stainless steel samplers should always be used. If rock is cored at the site,
properly decontaminated stainless steel samplers should always be used. If
rock is cored at the site, and it is determined that it should be retained,
it should be boxed, and photographed. Its storage, and later disposal should
be in accordance with ER 1110-1-1901, and the proper storage and handling protocol
for such material as may be required by other Federal, state, or local laws,
regulations and permits. Sampling procedures are described in EM 200-1-3, Requirements
for the Preparation of Sampling and Analysis Plans. Guidance for preserving
and preparing core samples for transport can be found in ASTM D 5079.
1.5.4.1 Sampling for Chemical Analysis
Sampling requirements for obtaining and preserving samples for chemical analysis shall be included in the Sampling
and Analysis Plan as required in Section 01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALITY CONTROL.
1.5.4.2 Sampling for Geotechnical Analysis
Samples shall be taken of all materials penetrated by each drilled well/test hole. Soil sampling shall be done
with a [split] [thin-walled] tube sampler using standard sampling techniques in accordance with [ASTM D 1586]
[ASTM D 1587]. Samples shall be extracted from their in-situ environment in as near an intact, minimally disturbed
condition as technically practical. Samples shall be obtained continuously through the area expected to be screened.
Provide sieve analyses of all drive-sampled material. Sieve analyses shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM C 136
. The gradation of the natural formation shall be determined through the use of sieve analyses performed on
formation samples taken from the areas to be screened. Drive-sampled materials shall be placed in airtight containers
and labeled as specified in paragraph SAMPLE CONTAINERS. Samples shall be delivered to the Contracting Officer
designated facility. Representative soil samples s hall be tested for grain-size distribution by mechanical
means (sieves down to the 0.074 mm No. 200 size according to ASTM C 136), moisture content according to ASTM D 2216
and Atterberg limits according to ASTM D 4318. Description and identification of soils shall be done in accordance
with ASTM D 2488. Laboratory classification of soils shall be done in accordance with ASTM D 2487. Sampling
shall be performed to allow completion of the documents described in paragraph BOREHOLE LOGS.
1.5.5 Observation Wells
NOTE: In some cases an observation well or wells should be drilled an appropriate
distance from the test hole or pump well. The observation wells (piezometers)
should be monitored during the yield test of the test hole and/or capacity test
of the pump well so that valid information of aquifer potential and character
may be obtained. The observation wells must be designed, installed and removed
from service in a manner that precludes the possibility of future groundwater
contamination resulting from their existence. If the decision is made to keep
the observation well for future sampling, or for use in future pumping tests,
the observation wells must be properly completed as specified in this section,
or other USACE guidance, such as Section 33 24 13 GROUND-WATER MONITORING WELLS.
When installing extraction, or injection wells at an HTRW site, consideration
should also be given to leaving some observation wells inplace, to be used for
longterm operation and maintenance (O&M) of the extraction, and injection
wells
After completion of the [test hole] [pump well] [_____], [1] [____] observation well(s) [, or more as directed],
at least [45] [_____] mm [1-3/4] [_____] inches in diameter shall be drilled to the target water bearing stratum,
[at the location(s) indicated on the drawings] [at a location [_____] m feet from] [at an appropriate location
near] the [test hole] [pump well] [_____]. The observation well shall be used in conjunction with the [yield
test of the test hole] [and] [capacity test of the pump well]. After final acceptance of the pump well by the
Contracting Officer, the observation well shall be [abandoned as specified in paragraph WELL DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT][left
in place for future monitoring of the well system].
1.5.6 Geophysical Logging
NOTE: The requirement to obtain borehole geophysical surveys is optional.
While it may not be necessary to require a borehole geophysical survey at a
site where a great deal is known about the subsurface, at another site, where
very little, or nothing is known, it may be prudent to require a borehole geophysical
survey. When it is deemed necessary to require a borehole geophysical survey,
the specific type of survey should be specified. This recommendation is made
by the project geologist. The project geologist should also determine what
geophysical logging may not be allowed by state regulations, before specifying
them. See EM 1110-1-1802, Geophysical Exploration. Guidance for planning and
conducting borehole geophysical logging may be found in ASTM D 5753.
The total depth of each test hole drilled shall be geophysically logged. Geophysical logging shall be documented
in accordance with paragraph Geophysical Logs. Run [one successful natural gamma ray or gamma-gamma for the
full depth, (top to bottom of test hole);] [one successful neutron in the fluid filled portion of the hole, (top
to bottom of test hole);] [one successful (top to bottom of test hole) spontaneous potential (self-potential);]
[and,] [one successful (top to bottom of test hole) resistivity log], for each test hole. Log analyses and interpretations
shall be made by a person qualified in accordance with paragraph QUALIFICATIONS.
1.6 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
Store and maintain well materials in a clean, uncontaminated condition throughout the course of the project.
Filter pack material shall not be allowed to freeze before installation.
1.7 SITE CONDITIONS
NOTE: If needed, edit and add Section 31 11 00 CLEARING AND GRUBBING.
Access to each well site, including any utility clearance, permits, licenses, or other requirements and the payment
thereof necessary for execution of the work, is the responsibility of the [Contractor] [Government]. Obtaining
rights-of-entry is the responsibility of the [Contractor] [Government]. Visit each proposed well location to
observe any condition that may hamper transporting equipment or personnel to the site. If clearing, or relocation
is necessary, the Contractor, [Installation Environmental Coordinator,] and the Contracting Officer shall agree
on a suitable clearing, or relocation plan, and the location of any required access road.
PART 2 PRODUCTS
2.1 CASING
NOTE: Well components do not have to be made of the same materials to be compatible.
With the proper connectors, different materials can be used together without
causing detrimental results. When using different materials together, the manufacturer
should be consulted.
All casing, screen, and other well material shall be of compatible materials to prevent galvanic reaction between
components of the completed well.
2.1.1 Steel Casing and Couplings
Steel casing shall be new [carbon steel, conforming to ASTM A 139/A 139M Grade B][standard weight [galvanized]
[black] steel pipe, conforming to ASTM A 53/A 53M] [steel pipe conforming to AWWA C200][[type 304] [or] [type
316] stainless steel] and shall be nominal [_____] mm inch diameter, [_____] mm inch wall thickness [schedule
5S meeting the requirements of ASTM A 312/A 312M], as applicable. Joints shall be either threaded and coupled,
or field welded in accordance with AWWA C206. [Casings shall be provided with [drive shoes] [_____].]
2.1.2 Plastic Casing and Couplings
NOTE: ASTM F 480 covers several different types of pipe materials and coupling
configurations. If any of these materials or couplings are to be prohibited,
this paragraph should clearly point out which are or are not allowed. When
installing extraction or injection wells, for environmental purposes, thermal
or solvent welded couplings on plastic pipe should not be used.
Plastic casing pipe and couplings shall be schedule [80][___], threaded flush joint (or other joint type as approved
by the Contracting Officer) and conform to ASTM F 480 and ASTM D 1785.
2.2 WELL SCREENS
NOTE: Well screens will be specified when the developed well requires assurance
of relatively free entry of water into the casing at low velocity, when surrounding
sand from the unconsolidated formation must be prevented from entering the intake,
or when a structural retainer is required to support the borehole in the unconsolidated
material. Type of screen and casing will be designer's option and nonapplicable
type of screen will be deleted. Metal screens and casings will be specified
when strength of screen and casing must be greater than that provided by plastic
or when maximum open area for the screen diameter is required. Plastic screens
and casing may be specified when water quality is such that screen selection
requires corrosive-resistant materials, or when economy is of prime importance.
Blanks in the well screen may be appropriate if more than one water bearing
zone is encountered in an aquifer, or when it is necessary to place a centering
device (centralizer) in the screened area. However, screening more than one
aquifer in the same well should be avoided whenever possible due to the possibility
of cross-contamination.
Well Screens shall be a minimum of [100] [_____] mm [4] [_____] inches nominal diameter, and shall be directly
connected to the bottom of the inner casing by an approved method. The length of the screen shall be sufficient
to provide an intake area capable of passing not less than the minimum required yield of the well, at an entrance
velocity not exceeding 30.5 mm/s 0.1 fps. The opening, or slot size of the screen, shall be [[_____] mm inch
][determined by the Contractor][designed based on analysis of the distribution of the grain size of the [aquifer
materials encountered during drilling][artificial filter pack]], be compatible with the material surrounding
the screen, and shall be submitted for approval as part of the well installation plan. The well screen shall
be of sufficient size and design to hold back and support the [gravel used in the filter pack envelope] [and]
[in-situ material surrounding the screen]. The screen and all accessories required for satisfactory operation
shall be essentially standard products of manufacturers regularly engaged in the production of such equipment.
Field constructed screen is not acceptable. "Blanks" in the well screen may be utilized in nonproductive zones,
or where centering devices are needed in the screened area, and shall be considered "casing." The bottom section,
below the screen, shall be sealed watertight by means of a [flush threaded] [welded] end cap of the same material
as the well screen.
2.2.1 Metal Screen
Metal screen shall be of an approved wire-wound type and shall be [type 304] [or] [type 316] stainless steel,
conforming to the applicable requirements of AWWA A100. A wire-wound screen manufactured with supporting bars
or core of material different from the wire will not be acceptable. Joints shall be made of threaded couplings
of the same material as the screens or by brazing or welding in accordance with AWWA C206.
2.2.2 Plastic Screen
2.2.2.1 Plastic Pipe
Plastic pipe shall be thermoplastic manufactured by a molding, extrusion or sonic welding process. The plastic
compounds shall be uniform in composition and shall not contain additives or foreign matter. The molding or
extrusion process shall produce pipe that is homogeneous throughout and free from visible cracks, holes, foreign
inclusions or other defects. Pipe produced by simultaneous multiple extrusion shall have strong uniform bonds
between any two layers so that the layers cannot be separated. Plastic pipe shall be uniform in color, opacity,
density and other physical properties. Plastic pipe, and screen material shall conform to ASTM F 480. All PVC
plastic pipe shall conform to ASTM D 1785.
2.2.2.2 Bonding Materials
NOTE: When sampling for trace level contaminants in a well, the use of any
solvents to join casing should not be allowed.
Bonding materials, proportions and preparation of adhesives, the method of application, and the procedure used
for making and curing the connections shall conform to the recommendations of the plastic pipe manufacturer and
ASTM F 480. The pot life, initial setting time and external heating requirements for curing of the adhesive
shall be suitable for the procedure and climatic and other conditions and shall be varied as required to suit
changes in climatic and other conditions. The system for making joints at the well site shall provide a curing
period adequate to develop the ultimate strength of the completed joint. Self-tapping screws or other devices
for holding adhesive-coated pipe in the couplings during the setting period [may] [shall not] be utilized. Newly-made
joints in the casing shall not be stressed, lowered into the well or submerged in water prior to complete curing
of the adhesive.
2.2.2.3 Plastic Well Screen
Plastic well screen shall be provided with perforations which shall consist of either machine-sawed slots, continuous
wrap or wound, or drilled, formed, or molded openings, and which shall have smooth, sharp-edged openings free
of burns, chipped edges, or broken pieces on the interior and exterior surfaces of the pipe. The pattern of
the openings shall be uniformly spaced around the periphery of the well screen. Compatible slot sizes of screens
and [filter-pack gradations] [surrounding material] shall be designed and furnished to the Contracting Officer
[, with a representative sample of materials in which the screen is to be placed]. The plastic pipe screen strength
properties shall be equivalent to those for the plastic casing with which the screen is used.
2.3 FILTER PACK
NOTE: The use of artificial filter-pack construction is recommended in formations
where the screen slot opening, selected on the basis of a naturally developed
well, is smaller than 0.25 mm (0.010 inch) (No. 10 slot). Artificial filter-pack
material should also be specified when fine uniform material, or extensively
laminated, non-homogenous formations are encountered. Guidance for designing
and selecting the screen slot size, and filter pack gradation may be found in
EPA's "Handbook of Suggested Practices for the Design and Installation of Ground-Water
Monitoring Wells", (EPA document number 600/4-89/034); or "Groundwater and Wells",
by Fletcher G. Driscoll, published by Johnson Well Screens, 1986.
If the well is not a filter pack type, this paragraph should be deleted in its
entirety, along with other references to filter pack wells throughout the specification.
Sterilizing the filter material before being placed is not required for extraction
and injection wells installed at hazardous, toxic, and radioactive waste (HTRW)
sites. When requiring sterilization, the strength of the sterilizing agent
should be stated, and how much is required per cubic yard of filter pack.
Filter pack material shall be a product of a commercial sand and gravel supplier, shall be properly sized and
graded for the surrounding soil encountered, and shall be composed of clean, round, hard, waterworn siliceous
material, free of flat or elongated pieces, organic matter, or other foreign matter. The filter material shall
be of a size which will allow the maximum flow of water into the well and prevent the infiltration of sand and
silt. The gradation of the filter material shall be such that the uniformity coefficient is not more than 2.5.
The filter material shall be [thoroughly sterilized with chlorine or hypochlorite immediately before being placed]
[placed as directed].
2.4 BENTONITE SEAL
NOTE: Before installing an annular seal, the state regulatory agency should
be consulted. The state, or local municipality, where the well is being installed,
may have specific requirements for sanitary, and/or wellhead protection.
The bentonite seal, intended to keep grout from entering the filter pack, shall consist of hydrated granular,
or pelletized, sodium montmorillonite furnished in sacks or buckets from a commercial source and shall be free
of impurities which adversely impact the water quality. If the bentonite seal is located above any borehole
fluid levels, a layer of fine sand shall be placed at the top of the bentonite seal, to provide an additional
barrier to any downward migration of grout.
2.5 CEMENT AND BENTONITE GROUT
2.5.1 Cement Grout
Cement grout shall consist of Portland cement conforming to ASTM C 150, Type I or II, sand and water. Cement
grout shall be proportioned not to exceed 2 parts, by weight, of sand to 1 part of cement with not more than
23 liters 6 gallons of water per 42.6 kg 94 lb bag of Portland cement, with a mixture of such consistency that
the well can be properly grouted. No more than 5 percent by weight of bentonite powder may be added to reduce
shrinkage.
2.5.2 Bentonite Grout
High-solids bentonite grout shall be made from sodium bentonite powder and/or granules. Water from an approved
source shall be mixed with these powders or granules to form a thick bentonite slurry. The slurry shall consist
of a mixture of bentonite and the manufacturer's recommended volume of water to achieve an optimal seal. The
slurry shall contain at least 20 percent solids by weight and have a density of 4.3 kg/L 9.4 lb/gallon of water
or greater.
2.6 PERMANENT PUMP
NOTE: The pump and motor diameter should be at least 25 mm (1 inch) smaller
than the inside diameter of the well screen or casing, whichever is smaller,
in order to allow it to be removed for servicing after buildup of scale on the
outside of the pump and inside of the well screen and casing. Pump components
need to be compatible with the contaminants of concern, when installed at an
HTRW site. A permanent pump should not be specified until it is known how much
the well will produce. The installation of the permanent pump may need to be
in a separate section, (refer to Section 43 21 39 PUMPS: WATER, VERTICAL TURBINE).
Permanent pump shall be an approved [submersible] [jet] [or] [_____] type with a capacity sufficient to deliver
[_____] L/s gpm. The pump shall be connected to the pump controls by a three-wire drop line. Piping for the
well drop line shall be [polyethylene plastic pipe conforming to ASTM D 2239][galvanized steel pipe conforming
to ASTM A 53/A 53M]. The pump shall operate on [208] [_____] volts, 60 Hz, [3] [single]-phase power, and the
motor shall be of sufficient size to operate the pump under the maximum operating conditions without exceeding
its rating. Pump shall be equipped with necessary controls to provide for automatic operation of the pump.
The pump and motor unit shall be no larger than [_____] mm inches in diameter at any point.
2.7 CONTAINERIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT WATER, AND DRILL CUTTINGS
NOTE: If installing extraction, or injection wells at a hazardous waste site,
the investigation-derived waste (IDW) such as development water, or drill cuttings
may have to be containerized. If this is not the case, this paragraph may be
deleted.
Water removed during development and testing operations, and cuttings from the drilling operations shall be contained
in D.O.T.-approved drums, containers, or vessels as specified in 49 CFR 172. Furnish polyethylene and steel
drums with lids, lid gaskets, bolts, chain of custody forms and drum labels. Mark each drum label in accordance
with 49 CFR 172 in addition to the following information: drum number, site name, well name and number, contents
and date, approximate depth of material contained in each drum and the name and phone number of the [Installation
Environmental Coordinator (IEC)] [Contracting Officer] [_____].
2.8 SAMPLE CONTAINERS
NOTE: Delete requirements for boxing core, if rock coring is not anticipated
at the site. Rock core samples should be containerized, boxed and stored in
accordance with ER 1110-1-1901, EM 200-1-3, EM 1110-1-1804, and EM 1110-1-4000.
Drill cuttings and driven samples for geotechnical purposes shall be placed in air-tight liter pint size [plastic]
[glass] containers and labeled with the project name, date of sample, well number and depth at which the sample
was taken. Both the container and lid shall be labeled in permanent indelible ink. Jars shall be placed in
partitioned [cardboard] [_____] boxes. Boxes shall be labeled with project number and well number. Containers
and boxes shall be furnished by the Contractor. Core samples shall be preserved and prepared for transport as
described in ASTM D 5079. Cored rock samples shall be placed in [wooden] [_____] core boxes as indicated on the
drawings. Spacers shall be placed in the proper positions in the core boxes to show the location and actual
extent of voids and core losses as clearly as possible. The spacers shall be made of [wood] [_____] [or some
other relatively light material] which is of sufficient strength to withstand jarring and crushing in handling.
Spacers shall be of a strongly contrasting color pattern so that core losses will be accented either by direct
observation or in photographs. In the smaller sizes, up to and including 150 mm 6 inches, the spacers shall
be the same width as the cores. The outside and the inside of the core box lid shall be labeled with the project
name, hole number, date sampled, location, surface elevation, core box number, and interval of depth of core.
The information on the label shall be such that it can clearly be read in photographs of the core box. Both
ends of the core box shall also be labeled with the hole number and box number. The core shall be placed in
the core box starting at the left hand corner on the hinge side and running to the right. Successive cores down
the hole shall be placed in successive troughs, starting from the back and working toward the front of the box
so that the core can be read in the same manner as a printed page, from left to right, when standing in front
of the open box.
PART 3 EXECUTION
3.1 PROTECTION OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
Maintain existing survey monuments and wells, and protect them from damage from equipment and vehicular traffic.
Any items damaged by the Contractor shall be repaired by the Contractor. Wells requiring replacement due to
Contractor negligence shall be re-installed according to these specifications. Wells scheduled for abandonment
shall be protected from damage so that abandonment may be performed according to these specifications. Prior
to excavation, obtain written approval from the local utility companies to drill at each site, to avoid disturbing
buried utilities.
3.2 PREPARATION
3.2.1 Decontamination
NOTE: It may not be necessary to decontaminate the drilling equipment if not
installing wells at an HTRW site. However, given that drilling equipment can
be, and is used at both HTRW, as well as non-HTRW sites, it may be prudent to
also require that the equipment be decontaminated before use at a non-HTRW site.
The drill rig, drill rods, drill bits, augers, temporary casing, well developing equipment, tremie pipes, grout
pumping lines, and other associated equipment shall be cleaned with high-pressure hot water/steam prior to drilling
at each well location. Decontamination shall be done in accordance with ASTM D 5088 or ASTM D 5608. Decontamination
shall be performed at a central decontamination station. Cleaning shall be performed in an area that is remote
from, and cross- or down-gradient from the well being drilled. Screen and well casing shall be cleaned with
high-pressure hot water immediately prior to installation in the well. The use of factory sealed (plastic wrapped)
screen and well casing does not waive this requirement for pre-installation cleaning. Samplers shall be decontaminated
in accordance with the Sampling and Analysis Plan as required in Section 01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALITY
CONTROL. The water used for cleaning shall be from a Government approved source. The water source used for
cleaning shall be sampled and tested for the constituents specified in the Sampling and Analysis Plan prior to
use at the site.
3.2.2 Decontamination Station
NOTE: Delete this paragraph if not applicable for the project.
Construct a temporary decontamination pad onsite. The pad shall be bermed and slightly inclined towards a sump
located in one of the back corners of the pad. Plastic sheeting shall line the pads and berms to contain decontamination
water. Plywood sheeting, exterior grade, shall be placed over the plastic sheeting to prevent damage to the
plastic and allow the drill rig and heavy equipment to use the pad. The minimum dimensions of the pad shall
be the length and width of the drill rig, plus 1.2 meters 4 feet per side to allow access and steam cleaning.
Yellow ribbon shall be used to encircle the decontamination pad. Water collected in the sump shall be pumped
using a "trash" pump to transfer water to a 200 liter 55 gallon drum labeled "Decontamination Pad Sump Water."
Solid waste shall be transferred to a separate 200 liter 55 gallon drum labeled "Decontamination Pad Sump Sludge."
3.2.3 Water Source
NOTE: Delete this paragraph if not applicable for the project.
If well drilling/installation requires the use of water, prior to its use at the site, the water source shall
be sampled and tested, and approved by the Contracting Officer for the constituents specified in the Sampling
and Analysis Plan as required in Section 01 35 45.00 10 CHEMICAL DATA QUALITY CONTROL. The Contractor is responsible
for locating the source, obtaining the water from the source, transporting it to, and storing it at the site.
A water sample shall be obtained from the container used in transporting the water to the site before the water
is used for decontamination. This sample shall be tested and approved in accordance with the above requirements.
3.3 WELL CONSTRUCTION
NOTE: Delete prohibition against organic drilling fluid, and grease, oil, and
fuel leaks on equipment if not installing wells at an HTRW site, or if not applicable
for the project.
The drilling method shall be as approved by the Contracting Officer and shall conform to all state and local
standards for water well construction. The execution of the work shall be by competent workmen and shall be
performed under the direct supervision of an experienced well driller. The drilling method shall prevent the
collapse of formation material against the well screen and casing during installation of the well. The inside
diameter of any temporary casing used shall be sufficient to allow accurate placement of the screen, riser, centralizer(s),
filter pack, seal and grout. [Any drilling fluid additive used shall be inorganic in nature, but be phosphate
free. Grease or oil on drill rods, casing, or auger joints are not permitted; however, PTFE tape or vegetable
oil (in solid phase form) are acceptable. The drill rig shall be free from leaks of fuel, hydraulic fluid, and
oil which may contaminate the borehole, ground surface or drill tools.] Casing pipe, well screens, and joint
couplings shall be of compatible materials throughout each well. The well shall be a [filter pack well] [naturally
developed well] activated in the [overburden] [water-bearing stratum] [stratum based on test hole data]. The
well shall be drilled straight, plumb, and circular from top to bottom. The well shall be initially drilled
from the ground surface to the [uppermost level of the water bearing strata] [top of rock] [_____] and the bottom
of the outer casing set at this elevation. The hole below the outer casing shall penetrate the water bearing
stratum a sufficient depth to produce the required amount of water without causing excessive velocities through
the aquifer. During construction of the wells, precautions shall be used to prevent tampering with the well
or entrance of foreign material. Runoff shall be prevented from entering the well during construction. If there
is an interruption in work, such as overnight shutdown or inclement weather, the well opening shall be closed
with a watertight uncontaminated cover. The cover shall be secured in place or weighted down so that it cannot
be removed except with the aid of the drilling equipment or through the use of drill tools.
3.3.1 Setting Outer Casing
NOTE: There is a provision for temporary casing, as extraction and/or injection
wells may not require a permanent outer casing.
The outer casing shall not be less than [200] [_____] mm [8] [_____] inches in diameter. The hole shall be of
sufficient size to leave a concentric annular space of not less than [65] [_____] mm [2-1/2] [_____]inches and
not more than [150] [_____] mm [6] [_____]inches between the outside of the outer casing and the walls of the
hole. The annular space between the outer casing and the walls of the holes shall be filled with cement grout.
Acceptable methods of grouting are detailed in AWWA A100; the approved method shall specify the forcing of grout
from the bottom of the space to be grouted towards the surface. A suitable grout retainer, packer, or plug shall
be provided at the bottom of the inner casing so that grout will not leak into the bottom of the well. Grouting
shall be done continuously to ensure that the entire annular space is filled in one operation. After grouting
is completed, drilling operations shall not be resumed for at least [72] [_____]hours to allow proper setting
of the grout.
3.3.2 [Temporary Casing
Temporary well casing of either iron or steel of sufficient length to case to the bottom of all borings shall
be available at the construction site. The Contracting Officer will direct the use of a temporary casing to
the bottom of the boring during drilling and placement of screen, riser, and filter pack when he believes it
is necessary to provide adequate support to the sides of the hole. When the walls of the boring will require
support only during development operations a temporary casing will be required to extend only to a depth 1 m
3 feet below the top of the filter pack. The temporary casing, shall have an inside diameter of not less than
[_____] mm inches, shall have sufficient thickness to retain its shape and maintain a true section throughout
its depth, and may be in sections of any convenient length. The temporary casing shall be such as to permit
its removal without disturbing the filter pack, riser, or well screen. The setting of temporary casing shall
be such that no cavity will be created outside of it at any point along its length. In the event the temporary
casing should become unduly distorted or bent it should be discarded and a new casing should be used during installation
of any additional well.]
3.3.3 Construction of Inner Casing and Screen
After the grout has set, the hole below the outer casing shall be reamed at the required diameter, to the required
depth, by an approved method which will prevent caving of the hole before or during installation of the filter
pack, well screen and inner casing. In lieu of reaming, the entire well may be drilled to the diameter of the
filter pack with an annular space between the inner casing and outer casing equal to the thickness of the filter
pack. The outer casing shall be increased in size to provide for this space, if this option is elected. The
well screen and inner casing shall be firmly attached, and lowered into the hole by a method which will allow
for control of the rate of fall of the well screen and inner casing at all times. Well screen and inner casing
shall not be dropped or allowed to fall uncontrolled into the hole. The inner casing shall extend up through
the outer casing to [_____] meters feet [above][below]the ground surface. Approved centering devices shall be
installed at a spacing of 120 degrees, between the outer casing and inner casing prior to well construction at
[intervals not exceeding [8] [_____] m [25] [_____]feet along the length] [the top of the inner casing and the
bottom of the outer casing]. If the screen length is greater than [8] [_____] meters [25] [_____] feet, a [1]
[_____] meter [3] [_____] foot length of blank casing shall be placed in the middle of the screen interval for
placement of centering devices. Centering devices shall not be placed on the screened interval, or within the
bentonite seal, if used.
3.3.4 Construction of Filter Pack
NOTE: If the natural formation is developed as the well filter, then this paragraph
may be deleted. If development of the well is done after the filter pack is
installed, but before the bentonite, or annular seal is installed, additional
filter pack material may have to be added, if the level of the top of the filter
pack drops below the specified elevation for the top of the filter pack. When
installing extraction, or injection wells at HTRW sites, the top of the filter
pack should be no more than 1.5 m (5 feet) above the top of the screen.
After the screen and inner casing have been concentrically set in the hole below the outer casing, the approved
filter pack shall be constructed around the screen by filling the entire space between the screen and the wall
of the hole in the water bearing stratum with filter pack material. A tremie pipe having an inside nominal diameter
of not less than [40] [_____] mm [1-1/2] [_____] inches shall be lowered to the bottom of the well between the
hole and screen. The tremie pipe shall be arranged and connected, at the surface of the ground, to water pumping
and graveling equipment so that water and filter material, fed at uniform rates, are discharged as the filter
material fills the hole from the bottom up. The tremie pipe shall be raised at a rate that will keep the bottom
of the pipe no more than [1] [_____] m [3] [_____] feet above the filter material level at all times. If the
Contractor desires to use methods of placing filter material other than those specified, the details of the method
and equipment proposed shall be submitted to the Contracting Officer, before filter pack placement is begun;
however, dumping filter pack material from the surface of the ground and agitating the well in an effort to settle
the filter will not be allowed. The filter pack shall be installed continuously and without interruption until
the filter pack has been placed to within [300 mm 1 foot of the top of the inner casing] [1.5 m 5 feet of the
ground surface] [ [10] [_____] m [30] [_____] feet above the top of the screen]. The depth to the top of the
filter pack shall be directly measured, and recorded. Any water added to the filter pack material shall be obtained
in accordance with paragraph Water Source. Filter pack material shall be protected from contamination prior
to placement by either storing it in plastic lined bags, or in a location protected from the weather and contamination
on plastic sheeting. Filter pack material shall not be allowed to freeze before installation. Filter pack material
shall be transported to the well site in a manner which prevents contamination by other soils, oils, grease,
and other chemicals. Temporary drill casing, if installed, or hollow stem auger, shall be removed simultaneously
with the above operation. Filter pack material shall be placed in no greater than 1 m 3 foot lifts prior to
retraction of the temporary casing/auger. A minimum of 150 mm 6 inches of filter pack shall remain in the temporary
casing/auger at all times during filter pack installation. Frequent measurements shall be made inside the annulus
during retraction to ensure that the filter pack is properly placed.
3.3.5 Bentonite Seal
NOTE: Sufficient time should be allowed for the bentonite seal to hydrate and
form a low permeable seal before grout is placed in the annular space above
the bentonite seal. By not allowing enough time, grout material could infiltrate
into the seal and possibly into the filter pack. It is recommended waiting
a minimum of 3 to 4 hours for hydration of bentonite pellets, or tablets. If
bentonite chips are used, the minimum hydration time could be twice as long.
Normally bentonite chips should only be used if it is necessary to install a
seal in a deep water column. Because of their high moisture content and slow
swelling tendencies, chips can be dropped through a water column more readily
than a material with low moisture content, such as pellets or tablets. It is
recommended that the bentonite seal be placed in lifts, with each lift allowed
to hydrate for a minimum period of time. Slurry seals may be used when the seal
location is too far below water to allow for pellet or other containerized-bentonite
placement, or within a narrow well-borehole annulus. For more guidance consult
EM 1110-1-4000.
After the inner casing and [well screen] [and filter pack] have been installed,[and after predevelopment of the
well,] the annular space between the inner and outer casings shall be sealed by use of a bentonite seal. A minimum
1 m 3 foot thick hydrated bentonite seal shall be placed on top of the filter pack in a manner which prevents
bridging of the bentonite in the annulus. The bottom of the bentonite seal shall be a minimum of 2 m 5 feet
above the top of the well screen. The depth to the top of the bentonite seal shall be directly measured, and
recorded immediately after placement, without allowance for swelling. If the bentonite seal is located above
any borehole fluid levels, a [300] [_____] mm [1] [_____] foot layer of fine sand shall be placed at the top
of the bentonite seal.
3.3.6 Grout Placement
NOTE: Before installing an annular seal, the state regulatory agency should
be consulted. The state, or local municipality, where the well is being installed,
may have specific requirements for sanitary, and/or wellhead protection. There
is a provision for placing a high-solids bentonite grout in the annulus above
the bentonite seal rather than cement grout. Advantages and disadvantages of
using a bentonite grout instead of cement grout are discussed in EM 1110-1-4000.
There may be a need for a provision to grout the annular space in lifts in deep
wells to ensure that any PVC or other type casing will not be collapsed by the
weight and/or heat created by the chemical reaction of cement grout. If grouting
in lifts is for some reason not acceptable, the well should be designed to withstand
greater external pressures. This may mean using higher schedule casing, or
steel instead of PVC, for example.
After the inner casing and [well screen] [filter pack] have been installed, a [non-shrinking cement] [high-solids
bentonite] grout, shall be mechanically mixed in accordance with paragraph CEMENT AND BENTONITE GROUT, and placed
by tremie pipe, in one continuous operation into the annulus between the inner and outer casings above the bentonite
seal to [within [_____] mm feet of] [the ground surface] [the maximum depth of frost penetration (frost line)].
Grout injection shall be in accordance with AWWA A100. If the casing interval to be grouted is less than 4.5
m 15 feet, and without fluids after any drill casing is removed, the grout may be placed either by pouring or
pumping. The tremie pipe shall be thoroughly cleaned with high pressure hot water/steam before use in each well.
The bottom of the tremie pipe shall be constructed to direct the discharge to the sides rather than downward.
The discharge end of the tremie pipe shall be submerged at all times. Additional grout shall be added from the
surface to maintain the level of the grout [within [_____] mm feet of the ground surface] [at the land surface]
as settlement occurs. Work shall not be conducted in the well within [24] [_____] hours after cement grouting.
The alignment of the well shall be verified by passing a 1.5 m 5 foot long section of rigid [PVC] [stainless
steel] [PTFE] [_____] pipe 6 mm 1/4 inch smaller in diameter than the inside diameter of the casing through the
entire well. If the pipe does not pass freely, the well will not be accepted. The pipe section shall be thoroughly
cleaned with high pressure hot water/steam prior to each test.
3.4 WELL DEVELOPMENT
NOTE: There is a provision for predevelopment, or development after the filter
pack is installed, but before the bentonite seal is installed.
Well development criteria, such as the measurement of certain ground-water parameters,
may be deleted if the well is not installed at an HTRW site.
Within 7 days of completion of each well, but no sooner than [48] [_____] hours after cement grouting is completed,
the well shall be developed. [Predevelopment, or development after the filter pack has been installed, but before
the annular seal is installed, may be initiated before this minimum 48 hour period.] The well shall be developed
in accordance with the Well Installation Plan, by approved methods until the water pumped from the well is substantially
free from sand, and until the turbidity is less than 5 on the Jackson Turbidity Scale specified in AWWA 10084
. Developing equipment shall be of an approved type and of sufficient capacity to remove all cutting fluids,
sand, rock cuttings, and any other foreign material. The well shall be thoroughly cleaned from top to bottom
before beginning the well tests. Development shall be performed using only mechanical surging, over pumping,
or jetting, or a combination thereof in accordance with ASTM D 5521. Details of the proposed development method
shall be included in the Well Installation Plan. At the time of development of any well, the well shall be
free of drawdown or surcharge effects due to pump testing, developing or drilling at another location. The Contractor
is responsible for maintaining at the well site the needed access and work area and clearance, necessary to
accomplish development. Furnish, install, or construct the necessary discharge line and troughs to conduct and
dispose of the discharge [a sufficient distance from the work areas to prevent damage] [as directed in paragraph
CONTAINERIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT WATER, AND DRILL CUTTINGS]. Development shall be conducted to achieve a stable
well of maximum efficiency and shall be continued until a satisfactory sand test, as specified in paragraph Sand
Test, is obtained. During predevelopment of the well, filter pack material shall be added to the annular space
around the screen to maintain the top elevation of the filter pack to the specified elevation. Provide an open
tube or other approved means for accurately determining the water level in the well under all conditions. If,
at any time during the development process it becomes apparent in the opinion of the Contracting Officer that
the well may be damaged, development operations shall be immediately terminated. The Contracting Officer may
require a change in method if the method selected does not accomplish the desired results. The Contracting Officer
may order that wells which continue to produce excessive amounts of fines after development for [6][___] hours
be abandoned, plugged, and backfilled, and may require the Contractor to construct new wells nearby. All materials
pulled into the well by the development process shall be removed prior to performing the pumping test.
3.4.1 Jetting
Jetting should be performed using either a single or double ring jet. If a double ring jet is used the rings
should be 600 mm 2 feet apart. The jetting tool shall be constructed of high-strength material and conservatively
designed and proportioned so that it will withstand high pressures. The jetting tool shall have [two [7][8][10]
mm [3/16] [1/4][3/8] inch diameter hydraulically balanced nozzles spaced 180 degrees] [four [7][8][10] mm [3/16][1/4][3/8]
inch diameter holes spaced 90 degrees] apart and which shall exert the jetting force horizontally through the
screen slots. The rings shall be constructed such that the tips of the jets shall be within 13 mm 1/2 inch from
the inner surface of the well screen. The pump used in conjunction with the jetting tool shall be capable of
providing [pressures up to [1700] [_____] kPa [250][_____] psi.] [a minimum jetting fluid exit velocity of 45
m/s 150 f/s]. Prior to commencing jetting, and following each jetting cycle, all sand and/or other materials
shall be removed from inside the screen. The jetting process shall start at the bottom of the screen and consist
of rotating the jetting tool [slowly] [1 cycle per 30 seconds] [[_____] cycles per [_____] seconds] while rotating
the pipe [180][90] degrees for two minutes at each location then raising the pipe [150][_____] mm [6] [_____]
inches. All wells, more than 100 mm 4 inches in diameter, shall be pumped during the jetting cycle to remove
incoming sand and other material. Such pumping shall be at a rate not less than 115 percent of the rate at which
fluid is introduced through the jetting tool. This will allow a flow of material into the well as it is being
developed. Water used for development shall be free of sand. The contracting officer may require other means
of developing the well such as intermittent pumping method, variation of the intermittent pumping method, or
surge block if it appears that the development of the well is not producing the desired results.
3.4.2 Intermittent Pumping
NOTE: Backflow through the pump, while starting and stopping a pump intermittently,
with the check valve removed, to produce rapid changes in the pressure head
within the well during development, called "rawhiding," is allowed for developing
extraction and injection wells at HTRW sites. The alternate lifting and dropping
of a column of water in the pump discharge pipe creates a surging action in
the well. For more information on this development process, consult ASTM D
5521.
Intermittent pumping shall be performed by pumping the well at a capacity sufficient to produce a rapid drawdown
of approximately [_____] m feet stopping the pump (backflow through pump will not be permitted) to permit the
water surface to rise to its former elevation, and repeating this procedure. Cycle time for this procedure will
vary as directed but will not be more than 3 cycles per minute. A pump discharge in excess of [_____] L/s gpm
will be required. A deep well turbine pump, or electric submersible pump with check valve, shall be used with
any attachment necessary to accomplish rapid starting and stopping for intermittent pumping. The intake shall
be set at least 3 m 10 feet below the maximum expected drawdown in the well. Prior to commencing intermittent
pumping, and periodically during development by this method, all sand and/or other materials shall be removed
from inside the screen. The amount of drawdown may be decreased if, in the opinion of the Contracting Officer,
the efficiency of the well might otherwise be impaired.
3.4.3 Surging
Surging of the well shall require use of a circular block, or multiple blocks, which are approximately 25 mm
1 inch smaller in diameter than the inside diameter of the well and is constructed of a material which will not
damage the screen if the block comes in contact with the screen, and a bailer or pump to remove materials drawn
into the well. The surging shall be continued for a period of approximately [one][____] hour, or until little
or no additional material from the foundation or filter pack can be pulled through the screen. The surge block
shall be moved by a steady motion up and down the full length of the well screen. Prior to commencing surging,
and periodically during development by this method, all sand and/or other materials shall be removed from inside
the screen. All materials pulled into the well by the surging process shall be removed by the Contractor.
3.4.4 Well Development Criteria
NOTE: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may, according to their
Technical Enforcement Guidance Document (TEGD), 530/R-93/001, consider a well
installed at an HTRW site improperly completed if a well yields turbid samples
(turbidity greater than or equal to 5 NTUs) after development. If the local
EPA Region enforces this criteria, it may be necessary to include a requirement
that the well be developed until a turbidity of less than or equal to 5 NTUs
is achieved.
A well development record shall be maintained in accordance with paragraph Well Development Records. Development
is complete when all of the following criteria are met:
a. Well water is clear to the unaided eye [,and turbidity less than or equal to [5] [____] Nephelometric
Turbidity Units (NTUs)],
b. Sediment thickness in the well is less than [1 percent of the screen length] [30 mm 0.1 foot],
c. A minimum of three times the standing water volume in the well is removed plus three times the
volume of all added water and drilling fluid lost during drilling and installation of the well is removed,
and
d. [Temperature, specific conductivity, pH,oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO),
and turbidity readings, measured before, twice during and after development operations, have stabilized.
Stabilization shall mean [variation of less than 0.2 pH units, variation of plus or minus + 0.5 degrees
C 1 degree F,+ 3 percent change in specific conductance; and less than a + 10mV for ORP; and + 10 percent
for DO, and turbidity, measured between three consecutive readings with one casing volume of water removed
between each reading] [_____]. ORP shall be determined in accordance with AWWA 10084. Temperature,
specific conductance, DO, turbidity, and pH readings shall be conducted in accordance with EPA 600/4-79/020
. At completion of well development, approximately 0.5 liter 1 pint of well water shall be collected
in a clear glass jar. The jar shall be labeled with project name, well number and date; and photographed
using 35 mm color print film. The photograph (minimally 125 x 174 mm 5 x 7 inch) shall be a suitably
backlit close-up which shows the clarity of the water and any suspended sediment. The photograph and
negative shall become a part of the well development record. Water removed during development and testing
operations shall be [contained in D.O.T. approved drums, containers or vessels and disposed of by [_____],
in accordance with paragraphs CONTAINERIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT WATER, AND DRILL CUTTINGS, and Drilling
Waste Disposal] [discharged to the ground surface at least [_____] m feet from the well in a down gradient
area].]
3.5 TESTS
After the wells have been developed, notify the Government and make the necessary arrangements for conducting
the capacity tests. If the capacity test indicates that the required capacity can be obtained, the tests for
quality of water shall be made. If the capacity and quality tests indicate that the required capacity and quality
can be obtained, the permanent well, as specified, shall be completed at that depth. Prior to making quality
tests, drilling equipment, tools and pumps contacting well water shall be cleaned with live steam.
3.5.1 Capacity Test
NOTE: This test should be used to verify that the well is developed properly
and will produce the required yield. Test pump should be capable of a range
of pumping rates, varying from about 50 percent to about 200 percent of the
design capacity of the well. Since there are a wide variety of pump test methods,
the designer should refer to a good water wells reference book (such as "Ground
Water and Wells," by Fletcher G. Driscoll, published by Johnson Well Screens,
1986 ) for test procedures which best apply.
Furnish and install an approved temporary test pump, with discharge piping of sufficient size and length to conduct
the water being pumped to [point of discharge][_____], and equipment necessary for measuring the rate of flow
and water level in the well. An [8] [_____] hour [constant-rate] [step-drawdown] capacity test shall be run
with the pumping rate and drawdown at the pump well and observation wells recorded every [[30] [_____] minutes]
[1/2 minute during the first 5 minutes after starting the pump; then every 5 minutes for an hour; then every
20 minutes for 2 hours. From this point on, readings taken at hourly intervals, until the water level stabilizes,
shall be sufficient].[Observation wells (piezometers) shall be read on the same schedule as the pump well.] [During
the step-drawdown test, the pumping rate shall be increased in steps at [regular][[2][____] hour] intervals.
Specific capacity shall be measured for each step.] The test shall begin at the rate of [the expected capacity
of well] [[_____] L/s gpm] and at least that rate maintained throughout the duration of the [test] [step interval].
[The well shall be "step" tested at rates of approximately [1/2, 3/4, 1 and 1 1/2] [_____] times the design capacity
of [_____] L/s gpm.] If this capacity cannot be maintained for the test period, the capacity test shall be terminated
and the test hole drilled deeper or relocated as directed. When the pump is shut off, water level readings shall
be taken during the rebound period for the same intervals of time as the drawdown test. The record of the test,
in triplicate, shall be delivered to the Contracting Officer.
3.5.2 Test for Plumbness and Alignment
Upon completion of the permanent well, plumbness and alignment shall be tested by lowering into the well, to
the total depth of the well, a plumb [12] [_____] m [40] [_____] feet long or a dummy of the same length. The
outer diameter of the plumb shall not be more than 13 mm 1/2 inch smaller than the diameter of that part of the
hole being tested. If a dummy is used, it shall consist of a rigid spindle with three rings, each ring being
[300] [_____] mm [12] [_____] inches wide. The rings shall be cylindrical and shall be spaced one at each end
of the dummy and one in the center. The central member of the dummy shall be rigid so that it will maintain
the alignment of the axis of the rings. The dummy shall be decontaminated as specified in paragraph Decontamination,
before use. If the plumb or dummy fail to move freely throughout the length of the casing or well screen for
the depth of well or should the well vary from the vertical in excess of two-thirds the inside diameter of that
part of the well being tested for each 30 m 100 feet of depth, the plumbness and alignment of the well shall
be corrected. If the faulty alignment and plumbness is not correctable, as determined by the Contracting Officer,
the well shall be abandoned as specified in paragraph WELL DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT and a new well drilled
at no additional cost to the Government.
3.5.3 Test for Quality of Water
NOTE: The Post, or Resident Engineer, or the USGS should be consulted to determine
if any additions or deletions should be made to the Water Quality Analysis table.
When the capacity test in the test hole has been completed, and again after the yield in the permanent well and
drawdown test or capacity test have been completed, secure samples of the water in suitable containers, and of
sufficient quantity, to have bacterial, physical, and chemical analyses made by [a recognized testing laboratory][____],
except that the bacterial analysis may be made by the applicable State Board of Health, if desired. Water Quality
Analysis shall address each item specified in the Water Quality Analysis Table at the end of this section. Expenses
incident to these analyses shall be borne by the Contractor and the results of the analyses shall be furnished
to the Contracting Officer. All sampling and analyses shall be performed using EPA and State approved methods,
procedures, and holding times.
3.5.4 Sand Test
As part of each capacity test, or at the end of each intermittent pumping, a determination of the amount of sand
(filter pack and/or foundation material) a well is producing shall be performed. Prior to starting the sand
test all material shall be removed from the bottom of the tailpipe. Test each well by pumping at a rate [of
[_____] L/s gpm] [sufficient to produce approximately [_____] m feet of draw-down]. After the pump is at the
desired pumping rate the flow from the discharge shall be diverted [into a container that will collect all the
sand being carried by the water][through a Rossum Sand Tester]. Development of the well is satisfactory if the
amount of sand collected is less than 0.5 L per 100,000 L 1 pint per 25,000 gallons of water pumped at the specified
rate. Upon completion of the test the amount of sand in the tailpipe shall be determined to verify that no material
is being deposited in the bottom of the well.
3.6 INSTALLATION OF PERMANENT PUMP
NOTE: The yearly change in the regional water table should be determined before
specifying the minimum pump depth.
The permanent well pump shall be installed in the well at a minimum depth of [8] [_____] m [25] [_____] feet
below the maximum drawdown groundwater level after the drawdown test has been completed. The pump shall be secured
at the required elevation as recommended by the pump manufacturer. After installation of the pumping units and
appurtenances is complete, operating tests shall be carried out to assure that the pumping installation operates
properly. Tests shall assure that the pumping units and appurtenances have been installed correctly, that there
is no objectionable heating, vibration, or noise from any parts, and that all manual and automatic controls function
properly.
3.7 DISINFECTING
After completion of tests of well, or installation of permanent pump, or at time of tests for yield and drawdown
test, whichever is later, the wells shall be disinfected by adding chlorine, conforming to AWWA B301, or hypochlorite,
conforming to AWWA B300, in sufficient quantity so that a concentration of at least 50 ppm of chlorine shall
be obtained in all parts of the well. Chlorine solution shall be prepared and introduced into the well in an
approved manner and shall remain in the well for period of at least 12 hours but not more than 24 hours. Information
on methods for preparing chlorine solution and introducing it into the well may be found in AWWA C654. After
the contact period, the well shall be pumped until the residual chlorine content is not greater than 1.0 ppm.
The well shall be pumped to waste for an additional 15 minutes with less than 1 ppm chlorine residual after which
two samples shall be taken not less than 30 minutes apart and tested for the presence of coliform bacteria.
The well shall be disinfected and redisinfected as may be required until two consecutive samples of water are
found upon test to be free from Coli Acrogenes group of organisms.
3.8 PUMPHOUSE AND SLAB
NOTE: In some instances, a pumphouse and base slab may not be appropriate.
In such cases, alternate designs must ensure that surface water cannot infiltrate
into the well and that the pump and well head are protected.
Pumphouse and slab shall be constructed preventing the infiltration of surface water or precipitation into the
well. The slab shall be [1.2] [_____] m square by [150] [_____] mm thick [4] [_____] feet square by [6] [_____]
inches thick and constructed of reinforced concrete. The top of the outer casing shall extend [300] [_____]
mm [12] [______] inches above the top of the slab. The top of the slab shall be at elevation [_____] or higher.
The pumphouse shall be constructed on the slab and thermally insulated.
3.9 SITE CLEAN-UP
After completion of the work, tools, appliances, surplus materials, temporary drainage, rubbish, and debris incidental
to work shall be removed. Excavation and vehicular ruts shall be backfilled and dressed to conform with the
existing landscape. Utilities, structures, roads, fences, or any other pre-existing item which must be repaired
or replaced due to the Contractor's negligence shall be the Contractor's responsibility; repair or replacement
shall be accomplished prior to completion of this contract.
3.10 DRILLING WASTE DISPOSAL
NOTE: The designer must address disposal of drill cuttings, rock core, grout
or bentonite slurry, and other solid or liquid materials bailed, pumped, or
otherwise removed from the borehole during drilling, well installation, completion,
and well development procedures within all appropriate regulatory requirements.
The nature of these wastes (whether hazardous or not) will potentially vary
between well sites on a single project. On an HTRW remedial action project,
it may be prudent to dispose of drilling and well installation waste in coordination
with other project waste streams. In some instances, rock core may be determined
to be contaminated and must be handled accordingly. Refer to EPA/540/G-91/009,
Management of Investigation-Derived Waste From Site Investigations and EPA OSWER
Directive 9345.3-03FS, April 1992, Guide to Management of Investigation-Derived
Wastes, for discussion of some issues relevant to Superfund projects. State/local
regulations must also be considered.
Slurry, drill cuttings, rock core; other solid or liquid material bailed, pumped, or otherwise removed from the
borehole during drilling, installation, completion, and well development procedures; and fluids from material/equipment
decontamination activities shall be disposed of by [_____].
3.11 SURVEYS
NOTE: Guidance for installing survey markers can be found in EM 1110-1-1002
Survey Markers and Monumentation.
Coordinates and elevations shall be established for each well/test hole. Horizontal coordinates shall be determined
to the closest 300 mm 1.0 foot and referenced to the State Plane Coordinate System, or Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM). If the State Plane Coordinate System/UTM is not readily available, an existing local grid system shall
be used. A ground elevation to the closest 30 m 0.1 foot shall be obtained at each well. The highest point
on the top of the riser pipe will serve as a measurement point. The elevation of the well shall reference this
point, and shall be surveyed to the nearest 3 mm 0.01 foot using the [National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929]
[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]. If the datum is not readily available, the existing local vertical
datum shall be used. The location, identification, coordinates, and elevations of the well and monuments shall
be plotted on maps with a scale large enough to show their location with reference to other structures.
3.12 WELL DECOMMISSIONING/ABANDONMENT
NOTE: Guidance for decommissioning of wells may also be found in EM 1110-1-4000.
Any well disapproved by the Contracting Officer, or any well decommissioned/abandoned by the Contractor for any
reason shall be decommissioned/abandoned according to the requirements of the State of [_____], [ASTM D 5299,]
and the requirements of these specifications. Well decommissioning/abandonment includes the removal of all materials
left in the borehole/well, excluding the filter pack, and including backfill materials, casing, screen, and any
other material placed into the hole before the decision was made to abandon the borehole/well. Test holes decommissioned/abandoned
for any reason shall be grouted from the bottom to within [_____] mm feet of the top of the ground surface according
to the protocol for grout/bentonite placement established in paragraph Grout Placement, using the grout mix specified
in paragraph CEMENT AND BENTONITE GROUT. The top [_____] mm feet shall be backfilled with [material appropriate
for the intended land use] [_____]. Mmaintain a well decommissioning/abandonment record as specified in paragraph
Well Decommissioning/Abandonment Records. Groundwater levels, if encountered before the decision is made for
decommissioning/abandonment, shall be measured in all borings prior to backfilling. These water levels shall
be included in the well decommissioning/abandonment records. No well shall be decommissioned/abandoned without
the approval of the Contracting Officer.
3.13 DOCUMENTATION AND QUALITY CONTROL REPORTS
Establish and maintain documentation and quality control reports for well construction and development to record
the desired information and to assure compliance with contract requirements, including, but not limited to, the
following:
3.13.1 Borehole Logs
NOTE: Borehole logging requirements can be found in EM 1110-1-4000. Requirements
can also be found in ASTM D 2113 and ASTM D 5434. If rock is cored at the site,
and it is deemed necessary to determine the rock quality designation (RQD) of
the core for design purposes, the RQD should also be shown on the boring log.
Guidance for determining the RQD may be found in ASTM D 6032. Item o. has a
provision for recording the level of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). This
only pertains to wells installed at a hazardous waste site.
A borehole log shall be completed for each boring drilled. Borehole logs shall be prepared by the geologist
present onsite during all well drilling and installation activities. The log scale shall be [10] [_____] mm
equals [300] [_____] mm [1] [_____] inch equals [1] [_____] foot. Copies of complete well logs shall be kept
current in the field at each well site and shall be available at all times for inspection by the Contracting
Officer. Information provided on the logs shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a. Name of the project and site.
b. Boring/well identification number.
c. Location of boring (coordinates, if available).
d. Make and manufacturer's model designation of drilling equipment and name of drilling firm.
e. Date boring was drilled.
f. Reference data for all depth measurements.
g. Name of driller and name and signature of geologist preparing log.
h. Nominal hole diameter and depth at which hole diameter changes.
i. Total depth of boring.
j. Method of drilling, including sampling methods and sample depths, including those attempted with
no recovery. Indication of penetration resistance such as drive hammer blows given in blows per 150
mm 6 inches of driven sample tubes. Information shall include hammer weight and drop distance. Information
such as rod size, bit type, pump type, etc., shall be recorded. A description of any temporary casing
used, drill fluids and fluid additives used, if any, including brand name and amount used, along with
the reason for and start (by depth) of its use shall be included. If measured, mud viscosities and weight
shall be recorded.
k. Depth of each change of stratum. If location of strata change is approximate, it shall be so stated.
l. Description of the material of which each stratum is composed, in accordance with [ASTM D 2488] [_____],
and/or standard rock nomenclature in accordance with [CED TR GL-85-3][_____], as necessary. Soil parameters
for logging shall include, but shall not be limited to, classification, depositional environment and
formation, if known, Unified Soil Classification Symbol, secondary components and estimated percentages,
color, plasticity, consistency (cohesive soil), density (non-cohesive soil), moisture content, structure
and orientation, and grain angularity. Rock core parameters for logging shall include, but shall not
be limited to, rock type, formation, modifier denoting variety (shaly, calcareous, siliceous, etc.),
color, hardness, degree of cementation, texture, crystalline structure and orientation, degree of weathering,
solution or void conditions, primary and secondary permeability, and lost core. The results of any chemical
field screening shall also be included on the boring log. Classification shall be prepared in the field
at the time of sampling. The results of visual observation of the material encountered, and any unusual
odor detected shall also be duly noted and recorded.
m. Depth of any observed fractures, weathered zones, or any abnormalities encountered.
n. Depth and estimated percent of drill fluid loss or lost circulation. Measures taken to regain drill
water circulation. Significant color changes in the drilling fluid return.
o. Depth to water, and any non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and date measured before, during, and after
each drilling shift, and prior to well installation. Provide and maintain at each well under construction
a portable water [,and NAPL] level measuring device of sufficient length to measure the water [/NAPL]
level to [50] [_____] meter [165] [_____] foot depth. The device shall be available onsite at all times
and measuring wire shall be graduated in mm 0.01 foot. The method of measuring the liquid level shall
be noted on the boring log. Water [and NAPL] level measurements shall be taken to the nearest mm 0.01
foot. It shall be noted on the boring log if the boring was purged and allowed to recover at intervals
during the installation, or that water used in drilling was allowed to dissipate into the formation prior
to measuring the water level.
p. Box or sample number. Depths and the number of the core boxes and/or samples shall be recorded at
the proper interval.
q. Percent Rock Core Recovery. The percent core recovery for the individual drill runs, if rock is
cored, shall be shown.
3.13.2 Installation Diagrams
The well will not be accepted before the geologic logs and installation diagrams are received. The diagram shall
illustrate the as-built condition of the well and include, but not be limited to, the following items:
a. Name of the project and site.
b. Well identification number.
c. Name of driller and name and signature of the geologist preparing diagram.
d. Date of well installation.
e. Description of material from which the well is constructed, including well casing/riser pipe and
screen material, centralizer composition, if used, diameter and schedule of casing and screen, gradation
of filter pack, lithologic description, brand name (if any), source, and processing method, and method
of placement of the filter pack, bentonite seal type (pellets, granules, chips, or slurry), grout type
(cement or high-solids bentonite) and type of protective cover (protective casing or flush-to-ground),if
used.
f. Total depth of well.
g. Nominal hole diameter.
h. Depth to top and bottom of screen, and filter pack.
i. Depth to top and bottom of any seals installed in the well boring (grout or bentonite).
j. Type of cement and/or bentonite used, mix ratios of grout, method of placement and quantities used.
k. Elevations/depths/heights of key features of the well, such as top of well casing/riser pipe, top
and bottom of protective casing (if used), ground surface, the depth of maximum frost penetration (frost
line), bottom of well screen, top and bottom of filter pack, and top and bottom of seal.
l. Other pertinent construction details, such as slot size and percent open area of screen, type of
screen, and manufacturer of screen.
m. Well location by coordinates. A plan sheet shall also be included showing the coordinate system
used and the location of each well. A plan sheet is not required for each well installation diagram;
multiple wells may be shown on the same sheet.
n. Static water level upon completion of the well.
o. Special problems and their resolutions; e.g., grout in wells, lost casing, or screens, bridging,
etc.
p. Description of surface completion.
3.13.3 Well Development Records
NOTE: Delete item k. if not applicable for the project.
A well development record shall be prepared for each well installed under the supervision of the geologist present
during well installation operations. Information provided on the well development record shall include, but
not be limited to, the following:
a. Date, time, and elevation of water level in the well, before development.
b. Depth to bottom of well, name of project and site, well identification number, and date of development.
c. Method used for development, to include size, type and make of equipment, bailer, and/or pump used
during development.
d. Time spent developing the well by each method, to include typical pumping rate, if pump is used in
development.
e. Volume and physical character of water removed, to include changes during development in clarity,
color, particulates, and odor.
f. Volume of water added to the well, if any.
g. Volume and physical character of sediment removed, to include changes during development in color,
and odor.
h. Source of any water added to the well.
i. Clarity of water before, during, and after development. Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) measurements.
j. Total depth of well and the static water level as in accordance with ASTM D 4750from top of the casing,
immediately after pumping/development, and 24 hours after development.
k. [Readings of pH, specific conductance, DO, ORP, and temperature taken before, during, and after development.]
l. Name and job title of individual developing well.
m. Name and/or description of the disposal facility/area, for the waters removed during development.
3.13.4 Geophysical Logs
NOTE: Delete this paragraph if not applicable for the project.
Geophysical logs shall be prepared and completed for each well/test hole installed. Information provided on
the logs shall include, as a minimum, the following:
a. Project name.
b. Test hole/well identification number.
c. Location of test hole (coordinates, and state, and county name).
d. Date test hole was drilled.
e. Fluid level in test hole before logging.
f. Fluid type and temperature.
g. Fluid resistance in ohm-m.
h. Casing type, diameter, and elevation (top and bottom).
i. Cement type and elevation (top and bottom).
j. Screen type, diameter, and elevation (top and bottom).
k. Date and time test hole was logged.
l. Reference elevation for all depth measurements.
m. Operator's name.
n. Equipment name and address.
o. Logger type and number.
p. Tool type.
q. Detector type (Nuclear Log only).
r. Source type (Nuclear Log only).
s. Source size (Nuclear Log only).
t. Source spacing (Nuclear Log only).
u. Tool length, cable head to detector.
v. Calibration.
w. Logging speed cm/min ft/min.
x. Log vert. scale m/cm ft/in.
y. Module settings.
z. Recorder settings.
aa. Document all field problems, including equipment malfunctions. This should include the steps taken
to solve the problem and how the log might have been affected.
3.13.5 Well Decommissioning/Abandonment Records
Decommissioning/abandonment records shall include, as a minimum, the following:
a. Project name.
b. Well or test hole number.
c. Well/boring location, depth and diameter.
d. Date of decommissioning/abandonment.
e. Method of decommissioning/abandonment.
f. All materials used in the decommissioning/abandonment procedure and the interval in which test materials
were placed.
g. Casing, and or other items left in hole by depth, description, and composition.
h. Description and total quantity of grout used initially.
i. Description and daily quantities of grout used to compensate for settlement.
j. Water or mud level (specify) prior to grouting and date measured.
k. The reason for decommissioning/abandonment of the well/test hole.
3.13.6 Project Photographs
Before, during, and after completion of work, the Contractor shall take a minimum of [one view] [[_____] views]
of each well installation. If rock is cored at the site, after the core has been logged, the core shall be dampened,
if it has dried, neatly arranged in the core box, and photographed. Photographs shall be [80] [_____] by [120]
[_____] mm [3] [_____] by [5] [_____] inch color prints. The photographs shall be mounted and enclosed back-to-back
in a double face clear plastic sleeve punched to fit standard three ring binders. Each color print shall show
an information box, [20] [_____] by [50] [_____] mm [1-1/2] [_____] by [3-1/2] [_____] inches. The box shall
be typewritten and arranged as follows:
Project No. Contract No.
Contractor/Photographer:
Photograph No. Date/Time:
Description:
Direction of View:
3.13.7 Survey Maps and Notes
A tabulated list of all wells and monuments, copies of all field books, maps showing the locations, and elevations
of all wells, datum used (e.g. state plane NAD27, NAD83, UTM, etc.), elevation datum, units of measurement, and
all computation sheets shall be prepared as a submittal. The tabulation shall consist of the designated number
of the well or monument, the X and Y coordinates, and all the required elevations. Also, a diagram showing where
on the top of the well the elevation was determined by the surveyor shall be prepared.
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS TABLE
Physical Characteristics
_________________________
Color Resistivity in ohms per cubic
Taste centimeter and 25 degrees C.
Threshold odor number pH value
Turbidity Temperature
Chemical Characteristics (Expressed as mg/L)
____________________________________________
Arsenic Total Hardness as CaCO(3)
Barium Endrin
Cadmium Lindane
Chromium Methoxychlor
Copper Toxaphene
Lead 2-4-D
Mercury 2, 4, 5 TP Silvex
Selenium Total Organic Halogens
Silver TOC
Zinc Sulphates as SO(4)
Fluoride as F Chlorides as C1
Manganese as Mn (dissolved Bicarbonates as HCO(3)
and total)
Iron as Fe (dissolved and Carbonates as CO(3)
total)
Suspended Solids Nitrates as NO(3)
Total Dissolved Solids Alkalinity (methyl-orange)
Calcium as Ca (Phenolphthalein) as CaCO(3)
Magnesium as Mg Silica as SiO(2)
Sodium and Potassium as Na