USACE / NAVFAC / AFCESA / NASA UFGS-33 30 00 (April 2008) -------------------------- Preparing Activity: USACE Superseding UFGS-33 30 00 (July 2006) UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS References are in agreement with UMRL dated January 2009 SECTION 33 30 00 SANITARY SEWERS 04/08 NOTE: This guide specification covers the requirements for piping and appurtenant structures for an exterior sanitary sewer system. Edit this guide specification for project specific requirements by adding, deleting, or revising text. For bracketed items, choose applicable items(s) or insert appropriate information. Remove information and requirements not required in respective project, whether or not brackets are present. Comments and suggestions on this guide specification are welcome and should be directed to the technical proponent of the specification. A listing of technical proponents, including their organization designation and telephone number, is on the Internet. Recommended changes to a UFGS should be submitted as a Criteria Change Request (CCR). PART 1 GENERAL NOTE: The following is applicable to USACE project designs. All pipe materials specified will be retained except under conditions where they would not be suitable; see UFC 3-240-07FA. Where it is determined that a pipe material would be altogether unsuitable, every mention of the unsuitable material and referenced publications that pertain only to the unsuitable material will be deleted. If a material would be suitable in a part of the system and unsuitable in other parts, the locations where the material may and may not be used will be shown on the contract drawings and stated in the contract specifications. A study of the conditions will be made to determine the suitability of the materials. If doubt remains after the study, because of exceptional conditions, a report should be submitted to HQUSACE (CECW-EW). Consider the following in NAVFAC project designs. 1. Allowable piping materials: a. The project specification should allow the use of piping materials for each application which are suitable for the project, each to be permitted as a Contractor's option. b. Refer to the appropriate NAVFACENGCOM Design Manual/Military Handbook for general information on piping materials suitable for use on the applications covered by this specification. c. Pipe materials which are known to be unsuitable for local conditions (i.e., corrosion, root penetration, etc.) should not be permitted for the project. However, consideration should be given to use of more effective protective coatings and jointing methods where economically feasible. d. In areas where problems with root penetration are anticipated, specify pipe which has the kind of joint which will successfully resist root penetration. Generally speaking, the more watertight the joint, the greater will be the resistance to root penetration. Rubber-gasketed and compression-type joints are considered to give the best performance for this application. e. It is assumed that corrosive fluids (acids, alkalies, toluene, etc.) will not be reaching the exterior sewer system in relatively undiluted condition. If such will not be the case, investigate the materials specified herein for resistance to the particular chemical involved. If necessary, corrosion-resistant materials other than those specified herein may be used. f. Further information on clay pipe may be found in the Clay Pipe Engineering Manual (1985 Edition) of the National Clay Pipe Institute. g. For further information on the selection of concrete sewer pipe and jointing materials, see the Concrete Pipe Design Manual (1980 Edition) and the Concrete Pipe Handbook (1980 Edition), both published by the American Concrete Pipe Association. h. Where required for special applications, reinforced concrete arch pipe conforming to ASTM C 506 or reinforced concrete elliptical pipe conforming to ASTM C 507 may be specified. i. Plastic pipe is subject to temperature limitations which must be observed when specifying plastic pipe for service from laundries, kitchens, and other facilities discharging large quantities of water at elevated temperatures (the temperature limit given is for short-time, nonpressure use only; lower temperature limit is required for long-time use or for pressure use): ABS ......... 82 degrees C (180 degrees F) PVC ......... 71.degrees C (160 degrees F) j. Do not use ABS pipe for applications where high chemical resistance is desired, such as in lines from laboratories or hospitals. k. Use caution if considering concrete pipe for septic flows. Depending on septicity, these pipes may not be satisfactory. 2. Pipe design: a. Specify equivalent pipe design for the project conditions (using the applicable criteria for each pipe material) for each pipe material insofar as is practicable. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE Manual No. 37, "Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers," contains methods of calculation for structural requirements of pipe; from these, the required strengths for pipe of various materials may be determined. Investigate external loads, including earth loads, truck loads, seismic loads, and impact, in the design stage of the project. b. Give special attention in the design stage of project to plastic pipe materials, particularly with respect to superimposed external loads which could cause excessive deflection of the pipe. The degree of sidefill compaction should be considered realistically, particularly in marginal cases. c. Where different classes, strengths, etc., of pipe are required for different sections of long pipelines due to significant differences in external loading, expand or modify the applicable paragraphs of this specification accordingly. Show the limits for each class, strength, etc., either on the project drawings or appropriately describe them in the applicable paragraph of the project specification. 3. Pipe joints: When more than one type of joint is applicable for the specified piping, permit each as a Contractor's option except where watertight joints are necessary in areas where root penetration problems are anticipated. In these cases, rubber-gasketed or compression-type, or solvent-cemented joints are preferred. Use fuel resistant joint gaskets when required. 4. It may be necessary to modify chemical requirements for cement under certain conditions. Sulfate resistance is required for concrete pipe when pipe is carrying sulfate-bearing waters, or when pipe is buried in soil containing sulfates. Specify Type II (moderate sulfate resisting) cement when water-soluble sulfates (as S04) in the soil are in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 percent and, for water, are in the range of 150 to 1000 parts per million. Specify Type V (sulfate resisting) cement when soils contain in excess of 0.2 percent water-soluble sulfate and water samples contain in excess of 1000 parts per million. In areas where reactive aggregates are known to occur, specify low alkali cement. On the project drawings, show: 1. Plan and location of new pipelines, including type of service and size of pipe 2. Location, size, and type of service of existing connecting, intersecting, or adjacent pipelines and other utilities 3. Paved areas and railroads which pass over new pipelines 4. Profile, where necessary to show unusual conditions 5. Invert elevations at beginning and end of pipelines and at manholes or similar structures 6. Class or strength of pipe and limits for same where class or strength will be different for different sections of pipeline 7. Design details for pertinent manholes, septic tank(s), and sewage absorption trench 8. Bedding conditions, where different from those specified in the appropriate specification and location of cradle(s), when cradle is required, if not covered 9. Maximum working pressure for pressure sewers 10. Location and size of thrust blocks on pressure lines 11. Location of flanged joints on pressure sewers 12. Location of mechanical joints on ductile-iron piping (when used on only part of the system). 1.1 REFERENCES NOTE: This paragraph is used to list the publications cited in the text of the guide specification. The publications are referred to in the text by basic designation only and listed in this paragraph by organization, designation, date, and title. Use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature when you add a RID outside of the Section's Reference Article to automatically place the reference in the Reference Article. Also use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference feature to update the issue dates. References not used in the text will automatically be deleted from this section of the project specification when you choose to reconcile references in the publish print process. The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic designation only. AMERICAN CONCRETE PIPE ASSOCIATION (ACPA)ACPA 01-102(2000) Concrete Pipe HandbookACPA 01-103(2000) Concrete Pipe Installation ManualAMERICAN RAILWAY ENGINEERING AND MAINTENANCE-OF-WAY ASSOCIATION (AREMA)AREMA Eng Man(2008) Manual for Railway EngineeringAMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION (AWWA)AWWA C104/A21.4(2003) Cement-Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe and Fittings for WaterAWWA C105/A21.5(2005) Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile-Iron Pipe SystemsAWWA C110/A21.10(2008) Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings for WaterAWWA C111/A21.11(2000) Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pressure Pipe and FittingsAWWA C115/A21.15(2005) Flanged Ductile-Iron Pipe With Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threaded FlangesAWWA C151/A21.51(2002; Errata 2002) Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally Cast, for WaterAWWA C153/A21.53(2006) Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water ServiceAWWA C302(2004) Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe, Noncylinder TypeAWWA C600(2005) Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their AppurtenancesAWWA C605(2005) Underground Installation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fittings for WaterAWWA C606(2006) Grooved and Shouldered JointsAWWA C900(2007; Errata 2008) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, and Fabricated Fittings, 4 In. Through 12 In. (100 mm Through 300 mm), for Water DistributionAWWA M23(2002) Manual: PVC Pipe - Design and InstallationAWWA M9(1995) Manual: Concrete Pressure PipeASME INTERNATIONAL (ASME)ASME B1.20.1(1983; R 2006) Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)ASME B16.1(2005) Standard for Gray Iron Threaded Fittings; Classes 125 and 250ASME B18.2.2(1987; R 2005) Standard for Square and Hex NutsASME B18.5.2.1M(2006) Metric Round Head Short Square Neck BoltsASME B18.5.2.2M(1982; R 2005) Metric Round Head Square Neck BoltsASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)ASTM A 123/A 123M(2008) Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel ProductsASTM A 307(2007b) Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI Tensile StrengthASTM A 47/A 47M(1999; R 2004) Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, by the Hot-Dip ProcessASTM A 48/A 48M(2003; R 2008) Standard Specification for Gray Iron CastingsASTM A 536(1984e1; R 2004) Standard Specification for Ductile Iron CastingsASTM A 563(2007a) Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsASTM A 563M(2007) Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts (Metric)ASTM A 74(2008a) Standard Specification for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsASTM A 746(2003) Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer PipeASTM C 12(2008) Standard Practice for Installing Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesASTM C 14(2007) Standard Specification for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert PipeASTM C 14M(2007) Standard Specification for Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe (Metric)ASTM C 150(2007) Standard Specification for Portland CementASTM C 260(2006) Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteASTM C 270(2008a) Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryASTM C 33(2007) Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C 361(2008) Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure PipeASTM C 361M(2008) Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe (Metric)ASTM C 425(2004) Standard Specification for Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay Pipe and FittingsASTM C 443(2005a) Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes, Using Rubber GasketsASTM C 443M(2007) Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe and Manholes, Using Rubber Gaskets (Metric)ASTM C 478(2008) Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole SectionsASTM C 478M(2008e1) Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections (Metric)ASTM C 564(2008) Standard Specification for Rubber Gaskets for Cast Iron Soil Pipe and FittingsASTM C 700(2007a) Standard Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and PerforatedASTM C 76(2008a) Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeASTM C 76M(2008a) Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe (Metric)ASTM C 828(2006) Low-Pressure Air Test of Vitrified Clay Pipe LinesASTM C 923(2008) Standard Specification for Resilient Connectors Between Reinforced Concrete Manhole Structures, Pipes and LateralsASTM C 923M(2008b) Standard Specification for Resilient Connectors Between Reinforced Concrete Manhole Structures, Pipes and Laterals (Metric)ASTM C 924(2002) Testing Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines by Low-Pressure Air Test MethodASTM C 924M(2002) Testing Concrete Pipe Sewer Liner by Low-Pressure Air Test Method (Metric)ASTM C 94/C 94M(2007) Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteASTM C 969(2002) Standard Practice for Infiltration and Exfiltration Acceptance Testing of Installed Precast Concrete Pipe Sewer LinesASTM C 969M(2002) Standard Practice for Infiltration and Exfiltration Acceptance Testing of Installed Precast Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines (Metric)ASTM C 972(2000; R 2006) Compression-Recovery of Tape SealantASTM C 990(2008) Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint SealantsASTM C 990M(2008) Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible Joint Sealants (Metric)ASTM D 1784(2008) Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) CompoundsASTM D 1785(2006) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC), Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120ASTM D 2235(2004) Standard Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and FittingsASTM D 2241(2005) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR Series)ASTM D 2321(2005) Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow ApplicationsASTM D 2412(2002; R 2008) Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate LoadingASTM D 2464(2006) Standard Specification for Threaded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80ASTM D 2466(2006) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40ASTM D 2467(2006) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80ASTM D 2680(2001) Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Composite Sewer PipingASTM D 2751(2005) Standard Specification for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Sewer Pipe and FittingsASTM D 2996(2001; R 2007e1) Filament-Wound "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeASTM D 2997(2001; R 2007e1) Centrifugally Cast "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeASTM D 3034(2008) Standard Specification for Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and FittingsASTM D 3139(1998; R 2005) Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric SealsASTM D 3212(2007) Standard Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric SealsASTM D 3262(2006) "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Sewer PipeASTM D 3350(2008) Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings MaterialsASTM D 3753(2005e1) Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Manholes and WetwellsASTM D 3840(2001; R 2005) "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe Fittings for Nonpressure ApplicationsASTM D 4101(2008) Standard Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion MaterialsASTM D 412(2006ae1e2) Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers - TensionASTM D 4161(2001; R 2005) "Fiberglass" (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe Joints Using Flexible Elastomeric SealsASTM D 624(2000; R 2007) Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersASTM F 402(2005) Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and FittingsASTM F 405(2005) Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Tubing and FittingsASTM F 477(2008) Standard Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic PipeASTM F 714(2008) Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Based on Outside DiameterASTM F 758(1995; R 2007e1) Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport, and Similar DrainageASTM F 794(2003) Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside DiameterASTM F 894(2007) Polyethylene (PE) Large Diameter Profile Wall Sewer and Drain PipeASTM F 949(2006a) Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe with a Smooth Interior and FittingsCAST IRON SOIL PIPE INSTITUTE (CISPI)CISPI 301(2004) Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping ApplicationsCISPI 310(2004) Coupling for Use in Connection with Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings for Sanitary and Storm Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping ApplicationsU.S. GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (GSA)FS A-A-60005(Basic) Frames.Covers, Gratings, Steps, Sump and Catch Basin, ManholeU.S. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION (NARA)29 CFR 1910.27Fixed LaddersUNI-BELL PVC PIPE ASSOCIATION (UBPPA)UBPPA UNI-B-6(1998) Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air Testing of Installed Sewer Pipe1.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 1.2.1 Sanitary Sewer Gravity Pipeline NOTE: Choose one of the following options for NAVFAC projects. Choose the second option for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. [Provide [mains and laterals] [[_____] mm inch lines] of [clay pipe] [concrete pipe] [ductile-iron pipe] [acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composite plastic pipe] [or] [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe] [at the Contractor's option]. Provide building connections [[_____] mm inch lines] of [cast iron soil pipe] [clay pipe] [concrete pipe] [acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) solid-wall plastic pipe] [or] [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe] at the Contractor's option.] [Provide new and modify existing exterior sanitary gravity sewer piping and appurtenances. Provide each system complete and ready for operation. The exterior sanitary gravity sewer system includes equipment, materials, installation, and workmanship as specified herein more than 1.5 m 5 feet outside of building walls.] 1.2.2 Sanitary Sewer Pressure Lines Provide pressure lines of [ductile iron pressure pipe] [concrete pressure pipe] [or] [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pressure pipe] [at the Contractor's option]. 1.2.3 USACE Project The construction required herein shall include appurtenant structures and building sewers to points of connection with the building drains 1.5 m 5 feet outside the building to which the sewer system is to be connected. Replace damaged material and redo unacceptable work at no additional cost to the Government. Backfilling shall be accomplished after inspection by the Contracting Officer. Before, during, and after installation, plastic pipe and fittings shall be protected from any environment that would result in damage or deterioration to the material. Keep a copy of the manufacturer's instructions available at the construction site at all times and shall follow these instructions unless directed otherwise by the Contracting Officer. Solvents, solvent compounds, lubricants, elastomeric gaskets, and any similar materials required to install the plastic pipe shall be stored in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation and shall be discarded if the storage period exceeds the recommended shelf life. Solvents in use shall be discarded when the recommended pot life is exceeded. 1.3 SUBMITTALS NOTE: Review submittal description (SD) definitions in Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES and edit the following list to reflect only the submittals required for the project. Submittals should be kept to the minimum required for adequate quality control. A “G” following a submittal item indicates that the submittal requires Government approval. Some submittals are already marked with a “G”. Only delete an existing “G” if the submittal item is not complex and can be reviewed through the Contractor’s Quality Control system. Only add a “G” if the submittal is sufficiently important or complex in context of the project. For submittals requiring Government approval on Army projects, a code of up to three characters within the submittal tags may be used following the "G" designation to indicate the approving authority. Codes for Army projects using the Resident Management System (RMS) are: "AE" for Architect-Engineer; "DO" for District Office (Engineering Division or other organization in the District Office); "AO" for Area Office; "RO" for Resident Office; and "PO" for Project Office. Codes following the "G" typically are not used for Navy, Air Force, and NASA projects. Choose the first bracketed item for Navy, Air Force and NASA projects, or choose the second bracketed item for Army projects. Government approval is required for submittals with a "G" designation; submittals not having a "G" designation are for [Contractor Quality Control approval.] [information only. When used, a designation following the "G" designation identifies the office that will review the submittal for the Government.] Submit the following in accordance with Section 01 33 00 SUBMITTAL PROCEDURES: _{SD-01 Preconstruction Submittals Existing Conditions} Drawings of existing conditions, as specified. _{SD-02 Shop Drawings Drawings} Installation and As-Built drawings, as specified. _{Precast concrete manhole Metal items Frames, covers, and gratings} Details, as specified. _{SD-03 Product Data Pipeline materials} Submit manufacturer's standard drawings or catalog cuts. _{SD-06 Test Reports Reports} Test and inspection reports, as specified. _{SD-07 Certificates Portland Cement} Certificates of compliance stating the type of cement used in manufacture of concrete pipe, fittings and precast manholes. _Gaskets Certificates of compliance stating that the fittings or gaskets used for waste drains or lines designated on the plans as [_____] are [oil] [_____] resistant. 1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE 1.4.1 Installer Qualifications Install specified materials by a licensed underground utility Contractor licensed for such work in the state where the work is to be performed. Installing Contractor's License shall be current and be state certified or state registered. 1.4.2 _Drawings NOTE: Include subparagraph c. on NASA projects. a. Submit Installation Drawings showing complete detail, both plan and side view details with proper layout and elevations. b. Submit As-Built Drawings for the complete sanitary sewer system showing complete detail with all dimensions, both above and below grade, including invert elevation. c. Sign and seal As-Built Drawings by a Professional Surveyor and Mapper. Include the following statement: "All potable water lines crossed by sanitary hazard mains are in accordance with the permitted utility separation requirements." 1.5 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING 1.5.1 Delivery and Storage 1.5.1.1 Piping Inspect materials delivered to site for damage; store with minimum of handling. Store materials on site in enclosures or under protective coverings. Store [plastic piping and jointing materials and] rubber gaskets under cover out of direct sunlight. Do not store materials directly on the ground. Keep inside of pipes and fittings free of dirt and debris. 1.5.1.2 Metal Items Check upon arrival; identify and segregate as to types, functions, and sizes. Store off the ground in a manner affording easy accessibility and not causing excessive rusting or coating with grease or other objectionable materials. 1.5.1.3 Cement, Aggregate, and Reinforcement NOTE: Delete these paragraphs if not used or insert applicable concrete requirements here. As specified in Section [03 31 00.00 10 CAST-IN-PLACE STRUCTURAL CONCRETE] [03 30 00 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE]. 1.5.2 Handling Handle pipe, fittings, and other accessories in such manner as to ensure delivery to the trench in sound undamaged condition. [Take special care not to damage linings of pipe and fittings; if lining is damaged, make satisfactory repairs.] Carry, do not drag, pipe to trench. 1.6 PROJECT/SITE CONDITIONS Submit drawings of _{existing conditions}, after a thorough inspection of the area in the presence of the Contracting Officer. Details shall include the environmental conditions of the site and adjacent areas. Submit copies of the records for verification before starting work. PART 2 PRODUCTS 2.1 _{PIPELINE MATERIALS} Pipe shall conform to the respective specifications and other requirements specified below. 2.1.1 Cast-Iron Soil Piping 2.1.1.1 Cast-Iron Hub and Spigot Soil Pipe and Fittings ASTM A 74, [service] [extra heavy], with ASTM C 564 compression-type rubber gaskets. 2.1.1.2 Cast-Iron Hubless Soil Pipe and Fittings NOTE: Delete this paragraph for areas where hubless fittings are considered inappropriate due to failure of coupling by corrosion. CISPI 301 with CISPI 310 coupling joints. 2.1.2 Clay Piping 2.1.2.1 Clay Pipe and Fittings NOTE: Tables of trench loadings, trench backfill loads, and supporting strengths of clay pipe are included in the Clay Pipe Engineering Manual (1982 edition) of the National Clay Pipe Institute. The required strength of clay pipe can be derived from these tables when depth of trench is known. Specify "bell-and-spigot piping only" in areas where corrosion problems may be anticipated with the stainless steel parts of the couplings used for plain-end piping. ASTM C 700, [standard strength] [extra strength] [bell-and-spigot piping only]. 2.1.2.2 Clay Piping Jointing Materials ASTM C 425. 2.1.3 Concrete Gravity Sewer Piping NOTE: Not allowed for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. Not normally allowed on NASA projects 2.1.3.1 Concrete Gravity Pipe and Fittings NOTE: The D-load (load per linear [meter] [foot] of diameter) must be calculated on the basis of project conditions to determine the applicable Class or strength of pipe. The Concrete Pipe Design Manual (1980 edition) of the American Concrete Pipe Association contains design information and methods by which the applicable Class or strength of pipe can be determined when depth of trench is known. It may be necessary to modify chemical requirements for cement under certain conditions. Sulfate resistance is required for concrete pipe when pipe is carrying sulfate-bearing waters, or when pipe is buried in soil containing sulfates. Specify Type II (moderate sulfate resisting) cement when water-soluble sulfates (as S04) in the soil are in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 percent and, for water, are in the range of 150 to 1000 parts per million. Specify Type V (sulfate resisting) cement when soils contain in excess of 0.2 percent water-soluble sulfate and water samples contain in excess of 1000 parts per million. In areas where reactive aggregates are known to occur, specify low alkali cement. Pipe shall be [nonreinforced concrete pipe conforming to ASTM C 14M ASTM C 14, Class [_____]][reinforced concrete pipe conforming to ASTM C 76M ASTM C 76, Class [_____]]. Circular pipe with elliptical reinforcement shall have a readily visible line at least 300 mm 12 inches long painted or otherwise applied on the inside and outside of the pipe at each end so that when the pipe is laid in the proper position, the line will be at the center of the top of the pipe. Fittings and specials shall conform to the applicable requirements specified for the pipe and shall be of the same strength as the pipe. [Cement used in manufacturing pipe and fittings shall be [Type II] [Type V] [low alkali cement] conforming to ASTM C 150.] 2.1.3.2 Jointing Materials for Concrete Gravity Piping _Gaskets and pipe ends for rubber gasket joint shall conform to ASTM C 443M ASTM C 443. Gaskets shall be suitable for use with sewage. 2.1.4 Concrete Pressure Piping NOTE: Not allowed for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. 2.1.4.1 Concrete Pressure Pipe and Fittings NOTE: Delete reference to AWWA C302 within brackets when pressure rating greater than 310 kPa (45 psi) is required. It may be necessary to modify chemical requirements for cement under certain conditions. Sulfate resistance is required for concrete pipe when pipe is carrying sulfate-bearing waters, or when pipe is buried in soil containing sulfates. Specify Type II (moderate sulfate resisting) cement when water-soluble sulfates (as S04) in the soil are in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 percent and, for water, are in the range of 150 to 1000 parts per million. Specify Type V (sulfate resisting) cement when soils contain in excess of 0.2 percent water-soluble sulfate and water samples contain in excess of 1000 parts per million. In areas where reactive aggregates are known to occur, specify low alkali cement. For concrete pressure piping, ASTM C 361M (ASTM C 361) covers pipe for up to 37.5 m (125 feet) of hydrostatic head, approximately 379 kPa (55 psi); AWWA C302 covers pipe and fittings for 310 kPa (45 psi) pressure rating, 30 m (100 feet) of hydro-static head) only. ASTM C 361M (ASTM C 361) contains tables giving design requirements for pipe in all combinations of 30 and 37.5 m (100 and 125 feet) of hydrostatic head with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 m (5, 10, 15, and 20 feet) of earth cover. Where higher pressure ratings are necessary, piping conforming to AWWA C300, C301, or C303 should be specified. Pipe shall conform to [AWWA C302 or to] ASTM C 361M ASTM C 361. Pipe shall be designed for hydrostatic head of [30] [38] m [100] [125] feet and external loading of [1.5] [3.0] [4.5] [6.0] m [5] [10] [15] [20] feet of earth cover. Circular pipe with elliptical reinforcement shall have a readily visible line at least 300 mm 12 inches long painted or otherwise applied on the inside and outside of the pipe at each end so that when the pipe is laid in the proper position, the line will be at the center of the top of the pipe. [Cement used in manufacturing pipe and fittings shall be [Type II] [Type V] [low alkali cement] conforming to ASTM C 150.] Fittings shall conform to AWWA C302. 2.1.4.2 Jointing Materials for Concrete Pressure Piping NOTE: Use first bracketed wording when pressure rating greater than 310 kPa (45 psi) is not required. Use second bracketed wording when pressure rating greater than 310 kPa (45 psi) is required. Gaskets shall be as specified in [the referenced specification for the pipe] [ASTM C 361M ASTM C 361] and shall be suitable for use with sewage. 2.1.5 Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe and Associated Fittings 2.1.5.1 Ductile Iron Gravity Pipe and Fittings NOTE: ASTM A 746 also contains design information and methods by which the required Thickness Class of Pipe can be determined when depth of trench is known. Delete requirements for and references to push-on joints for ductile-iron gravity sewer pipe and associated fittings when the greater deflection afforded by the mechanical joint is considered necessary throughout. Ductile iron pipe shall conform to ASTM A 746, Thickness Class [_____]. Fittings shall conform to AWWA C110/A21.10 or AWWA C153/A21.53. [Fittings with push-on joint ends shall conform to the same requirements as fittings with mechanical-joint ends, [except that the bell design shall be modified, as approved by the Contracting Officer, for push-on joint].] Fittings shall have strength at least equivalent to that of the pipe. Ends of pipe and fittings shall be suitable for the joints specified hereinafter. Pipe and fittings shall have cement-mortar lining conforming to AWWA C104/A21.4, standard thickness. 2.1.5.2 Ductile Iron Gravity Joints and Jointing Materials NOTE: Delete requirements for and references to push-on joints for ductile-iron gravity sewer pipe and associated fittings when the greater deflection afforded by the mechanical joint is considered necessary throughout. Pipe and fittings shall have [push-on joints] [or] [mechanical joints], except as otherwise specified in this paragraph. [Mechanical joints only shall be used where indicated.] [Push-on joint pipe ends and fitting ends, gaskets, and lubricant for joint assembly shall conform to AWWA C111/A21.11.] [Mechanical joint requirements for pipe ends, glands, bolts and nuts, and gaskets shall conform to AWWA C111/A21.11.] 2.1.6 Ductile Iron Pressure Piping NOTE: Ductile iron pipe is used for sizes 75 mm (3 inches) to 1600 mm (64 inches). 2.1.6.1 Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe and Fittings NOTE: Use Thickness Class 52 for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. Ductile-iron pipe shall conform to AWWA C151/A21.51, Thickness Class [_____]. [Flanged pipe shall conform to AWWA C115/A21.15.] Fittings shall conform to AWWA C110/A21.10 or AWWA C153/A21.53. [Fittings with push-on joint ends shall conform to the same requirements as fittings with mechanical-joint ends, except that the bell design shall be modified, as approved, for push-on joint.] Fittings shall have pressure rating at least equivalent to that of the pipe. Ends of pipe and fittings shall be suitable for the joints specified hereinafter. Pipe and fittings shall have cement-mortar lining conforming to AWWA C104/A21.4, standard thickness. 2.1.6.2 Ductile Iron Pressure Joints and Jointing Materials a. Joints, general: Joints for pipe and fittings shall be [push-on joints] [or] [mechanical joints] except as otherwise specified in this paragraph. [Joints shall be mechanical-joints where indicated.] [Joints shall be flanged joints where indicated.] [Joints made with sleeve-type mechanical coupling may be used in lieu of push-on joint.] [[Grooved] [or] [shouldered] type joints may be used in lieu of push-on joint [or flanged joint], except where joint is buried.] b. Push-on joints: Shape of pipe ends and fitting ends, gaskets, and lubricant for joint assembly shall conform to AWWA C111/A21.11. c. Mechanical joints: Dimensional and material requirements for pipe ends, glands, bolts and nuts, and gaskets shall conform to AWWA C111/A21.11. d. Flanged joints: Bolts, nuts, and gaskets for flanged connections shall be as recommended in the Appendix to AWWA C115/A21.15. Flange for setscrewed flanges shall be of ductile iron, ASTM A 536, Grade 65-45-12, and shall conform to the applicable requirements of ASME B16.1, Class 250. Setscrews for setscrewed flanges shall be 1310 MPa 190,000 psi tensile strength, heat treated, and zinc-coated steel. Gasket for setscrewed flanges shall conform to the applicable requirements for mechanical-joint gaskets specified in AWWA C111/A21.11. Design of setscrewed gasket shall provide for confinement and compression of gasket when joint to adjoining flange is made. NOTE: At the text below, delete "or steel" when middle ring of cast iron only is considered necessary due to anticipated corrosion problems. Delete requirement for strength of steel when steel is not allowed as a material for middle ring. At the text below, minimum numbers of bolts for each pipe size should be as follows: 75 mm (3 inch),3; 100 mm (4 inch), 4; 150 mm (6 inch), 5; 200 mm (8 inch), 6; 250 mm (10 inch), 7; 300 and 350 mm (12 and 14 inch), 8; 400 mm (16 inch), 9; 450 mm (18 inch), 10; 500 mm (20 inch), 12; 550 mm (22 inch), 13; 600 mm (24 inch), 14. e. Joints made with sleeve-type mechanical couplings: Couplings shall be designed to couple plain-end piping by compression of a ring gasket at each end of the adjoining pipe sections. The coupling shall consist of one middle ring flared or beveled at each end to provide a gasket seat, two follower rings, two resilient tapered rubber gaskets, and bolts and nuts to draw the follower rings toward each other to compress the gaskets. The middle ring and the follower rings shall be true circular sections free from irregularities, flat spots, and surface defects; the design shall provide for confinement and compression of the gaskets. Middle ring shall be of cast-iron [or steel], and the follower rings shall be of malleable iron or ductile iron. Cast iron shall conform to ASTM A 48/A 48M and shall be not less than Class 25. Malleable iron shall conform to ASTM A 47/A 47M. Ductile iron shall conform to ASTM A 536. [Steel shall have a strength not less than that of the pipe.] Gaskets shall be designed for long life and resistance to set after installation and shall meet the applicable requirements specified for gaskets for mechanical joint in AWWA C111/A21.11. Bolts shall be track-head type; bolts and nuts shall be either of the following: bolts conforming to the tensile requirements of ASTM A 307, Grade A, with nuts conforming to the tensile requirements of ASTM A 563M ASTM A 563, Grade A; or round-head square-neck type bolts conforming to ASME B18.5.2.1M and ASME B18.5.2.2M with hex nuts conforming to ASME B18.2.2. Bolts shall be 16 mm 5/8 inch in diameter; minimum number of bolts for each coupling shall be [_____] [for [_____] mm inch pipe [,[_____] for [_____] mm inch pipe,] and [_____] for [_____] mm inch pipe]. Bolt holes in follower rings shall be of a shape to hold fast the necks of the bolts used. Sleeve-type mechanical couplings shall not be used as an optional method of jointing except where pipeline is adequately anchored to resist tension pull across the joint. f. [Grooved] [and] [Shouldered] Type Joints: [Grooved pipe ends] [Shouldered pipe ends] and couplings shall conform to AWWA C606. Joint dimensions shall be as specified in AWWA C606 for rigid joints. 2.1.7 ABS Composite Plastic Piping 2.1.7.1 ABS Composite Plastic Pipe and Fittings ASTM D 2680. 2.1.7.2 Jointing Materials for ABS Composite Plastic Piping Solvent cement and primer shall conform to ASTM D 2680. 2.1.8 ABS Solid-Wall Plastic Piping 2.1.8.1 ABS Solid-Wall Plastic Pipe and Fittings ASTM D 2751, SDR 35, with ends suitable for either solvent cement joints or elastomer joints. 2.1.8.2 ABS Solid-Wall Plastic Joints and Jointing Materials Solvent cement for solvent cement joints shall conform to ASTM D 2235. Elastomeric joints shall conform to ASTM D 3212 . Gaskets for elastomeric joints shall conform to ASTM F 477. 2.1.9 PVC Plastic Gravity Sewer Piping 2.1.9.1 PVC Plastic Gravity Pipe and Fittings [ASTM D 3034, SDR 35, or ASTM F 949 with ends suitable for elastomeric gasket joints.] [ASTM F 794, Series 46, for ribbed sewer pipe with smooth interior, size 200 mm 8 inch through 1200 mm 48 inch diameters.] 2.1.9.2 PVC Plastic Gravity Joints and Jointing Material Joints shall conform to ASTM D 3212. Gaskets shall conform to ASTM F 477. 2.1.10 PVC Plastic Pressure Pipe and Associated Fittings 2.1.10.1 PVC Plastic Pressure Pipe and Fittings a. Pipe and Fittings Less Than 100 mm 4 inch Diameter: Pipe, couplings and fittings shall be manufactured of materials conforming to ASTM D 1784, Class 12454B. (1) Screw-Joint: Pipe shall conform to dimensional requirements of ASTM D 1785, Schedule 80, with joints meeting requirements of 1.03 Mpa 150 psi working pressure, 1.38 Mpa 200 psi hydrostatic test pressure, unless otherwise shown or specified. Fittings for threaded pipe shall conform to requirements of ASTM D 2464, threaded to conform to the requirements of ASME B1.20.1 for use with Schedule 80 pipe and fittings. Pipe couplings when used, shall be tested as required by ASTM D 2464. (2) Push-On Joint: ASTM D 3139, with ASTM F 477 gaskets. Fittings for push-on joints shall be iron conforming to AWWA C110/A21.10 or AWWA C111/A21.11. Iron fittings and specials shall shall be cement-mortar lined (standard thickness) in accordance with AWWA C104/A21.4. (3) Solvent Cement Joint: Pipe shall conform to dimensional requirements of ASTM D 1785 or ASTM D 2241 with joints meeting the requirements of 1.03 Mpa 150 psi working pressure and 1.38 Mpa 200 psi hydrostatic test pressure. Fittings for solvent cement jointing shall conform to ASTM D 2466 or ASTM D 2467. b. Pipe and Fittings 100 mm 4 inch Diameter to 300 mm 12 inch: Pipe shall conform to AWWA C900 and shall be plain end or gasket bell end, Pressure Class 150 (DR 18), with cast-iron-pipe-equivalent OD. Fittings shall be gray-iron or ductile-iron conforming to AWWA C110/A21.10 or AWWA C153/A21.53 and shall have cement-mortar lining conforming to AWWA C104/A21.4, standard thickness. Fittings with push-on joint ends shall conform to the same requirements as fittings with mechanical-joint ends, except that bell design shall be modified, as approved, for push-on joint suitable for use with the PVC plastic pressure pipe specified in this paragraph. 2.1.10.2 PVC Plastic Pressure Joints and Jointing Material Joints for pipe, 100 mm 4 inch to 300 mm 12 inch diameter, shall be push-on joints as specified in ASTM D 3139 . Joints between pipe and fittings shall be push-on joints as specified in ASTM D 3139 or shall be compression-type joints/mechanical-joints as respectively specified in ASTM D 3139 and AWWA C111/A21.11. Each joint connection shall be provided with an elastomeric gasket suitable for the bell or coupling with which it is to be used. Gaskets for push-on joints for pipe shall conform to ASTM F 477. Gaskets for push-on joints and compression-type joints/mechanical-joints for joint connections between pipe and fittings shall be as specified in AWWA C111/A21.11 , respectively, for push-on joints and mechanical-joints. 2.1.11 High Density Polyethylene Pipe ASTM F 894, Class 63, size 450 mm 18 inch through 3000 mm 120 inch. ASTM F 714, size 100 mm 4 inch through 1200 mm 48 inch. The polyethylene shall be certified by the resin producer as meeting the requirements of ASTM D 3350 , cell Class 334433C. The pipe stiffness shall be greater than or equal to 1170/D for cohesionless material pipe trench backfills. Fittings for High Density Polyethylene Pipe: ASTM F 894. Joints for high density polyethylene pipe: Rubber gasket joints shall conform to ASTM C 443M ASTM C 443. 2.1.12 Reinforced Plastic Mortar Pipe (RPMP) Reinforced plastic mortar pipe shall be produced by centrifugal casting and shall have an outside diameter equal to dectile iron pipe dimensions from 450 mm 18 inch to 1200 mm 48 inch. The inner surface of the pipe shall have a smooth uniform continuous resin-rich surface liner. The minimum pipe stiffness shall be 248 kPa 36 psi . RPMP shall be in accordance with ASTM D 3262. Fittings for RPMP: ASTM D 3840. Joints for RPMP: Bell and spigot gasket coupling utilizing an elastomeric gasket in accordance with ASTM D 4161 and ASTM F 477. 2.1.13 Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP) RTRP pipe: ASTM D 3262. Fittings for RTRP: ASTM D 3262. Joints for RTRP: Bell and spigot type utilizing an elastomeric gasket in accordance with ASTM F 477. 2.1.13.1 Filament Wound RTRP-I RTRP-I shall conform to ASTM D 2996, except pipe shall have an outside diameter equal to cast iron outside diameter or standard weight steel pipe. The pipe shall be suitable for a normal working pressure of 1.03 MPa 150 psi at 22.8 degrees C 73 degrees F. The inner surface of the pipe shall have a smooth uniform continuous resin-rich surface liner conforming to ASTM D 2996. 2.1.13.2 Centrifugally Cast RTRP-II RTRP-II shall conform to ASTM D 2997. Pipe shall have an outside diameter equal to standard weight steel pipe. 2.1.14 Piping Beneath Railroad Right-of-Way Where pipeline passes under the right-of-way of a commercial railroad, piping shall conform to the specifications for pipelines conveying nonflammable substances in AREMA Eng Man, except as otherwise specified in this paragraph. For casing pipe provide ductile-iron pipe in lieu of cast-iron soil pipe. Ductile-iron pipe shall conform to and have strength computed in accordance with ASTM A 746. 2.2 CONCRETE MATERIALS 2.2.1 Cement Mortar Cement mortar shall conform to ASTM C 270, Type M with Type II cement. 2.2.2 _{Portland Cement} NOTE: Type II cement normally will be specified, but Type V cement will be specified when the soils contain in excess of 0.2 percent water-soluble sulfate as SO(4), or the waste water contains in excess of 1000 parts per million sulfates. Type I cement may be permitted when it can be assured that the water soluble sulfates in the soil will be less than 0.1 percent and the waste water will contain less than 150 parts per million sulfates over the design life of the project. Portland cement shall conform to ASTM C 150, Type [II] [V] for concrete used in concrete pipe, concrete pipe fittings, and manholes and type optional with the Contractor for cement used in concrete cradle, concrete encasement, and thrust blocking. [Air-entraining admixture conforming to ASTM C 260 shall be used with Type V cement.] [Where aggregates are alkali reactive, as determined by Appendix XI of ASTM C 33, a cement containing less than 0.60 percent alkalies shall be used.] 2.2.3 Portland Cement Concrete NOTE: When ready-mix concrete conforming to ASTM C 94/C 94M is not economically available, rewrite this paragraph to permit use of concrete mixed onsite. Specify concrete aggregates conforming to ASTM C 33 and concrete consisting of 1 part portland cement, 2-1/2 parts sand, and 5 parts gravel, with just enough water for workable consistency Portland cement concrete shall conform to ASTM C 94/C 94M, compressive strength of 28 MPa 4000 psi at 28 days, except for concrete cradle and encasement or concrete blocks for manholes. Concrete used for cradle and encasement shall have a compressive strength of 17 MPa 2500 psi minimum at 28 days. Concrete in place shall be protected from freezing and moisture loss for 7 days. 2.3 MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 2.3.1 Precast Concrete Manholes & Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Manholes _{Precast concrete manhole} risers, base sections, and tops shall conform to ASTM C 478MASTM C 478 and be manufactured in accordance with Section 03 40 00.00 10 PLANT-PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS FOR BELOW GRADE CONSTRUCTION; base and first riser shall be monolithic. Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Manholes shall conform to ASTM D 3753. 2.3.2 Gaskets and Connectors Gaskets for joints between manhole sections shall conform to ASTM C 443M ASTM C 443. Resilient connectors for making joints between manhole and pipes entering manhole shall conform to ASTM C 923M ASTM C 923 or ASTM C 990M ASTM C 990. 2.3.3 External Preformed Rubber Joint Seals An external preformed rubber joint seal shall be an accepted method of sealing cast iron covers to precast concrete sections to prevent ground water infiltration into sewer systems. All finished and sealed manholes constructed in accordance with paragraph entitled "Manhole Construction" shall be tested for leakage in the same manner as pipelines as described in paragraph entitled "Leakage Tests." The seal shall be multi-section with a neoprene rubber top section and all lower sections made of Ethylene Proplene Di Monomer (EPDM) rubber with a minimum thickness of 1.5 mm 60 mils. Each unit shall consist of a top and bottom section and shall have mastic on the bottom of the bottom section and mastic on the top and bottom of the top section. The mastic shall be a non-hardening butyl rubber sealant and shall seal to the cone/top slab of the manhole/catch basin and over the lip of the casting. Extension sections shall cover up to two more adjusting rings. Properties and values are listed in the following tables: [Properties, Test Methods and Minimum Values for Rubber used in Preformed Joint Seals   Physical Properties      Test Methods    EPDM    Neoprene    Butyl mastic   Tensile, kPa             ASTM D 412      12,684  15,132         -   Elogation percent        ASTM D 412         553     295         350   Tear Resistance, N/mm    ASTM D 624          49      28         -                            (Die B)   Rebound, percent,        ASTM C 972        -        -           11    5 minutes               (mod.)   Rebound, percent,        ASTM C 972        -        -           12]    2 hours [Properties, Test Methods and Minimum Values for Rubber used in Preformed Joint Seals   Physical Properties      Test Methods    EPDM    Neoprene    Butyl mastic   Tensile, psi             ASTM D 412      1840      2195         -   Elogation percent        ASTM D 412       553       295         350   Tear Resistance, ppi     ASTM D 624       280       160         -                            (Die B)   Rebound, percent,        ASTM C 972          -        -          11    5 minutes               (mod.)   Rebound, percent,        ASTM C 972        -        -            12]    2 hours 2.3.4 _{Metal Items} 2.3.4.1 _{Frames, Covers, and Gratings} for Manholes FS A-A-60005, cast iron; figure numbers shall be [as follows] [as indicated]: a. Traffic manhole: Provide in paved areas. Frame: Figure 1, Size 22A Cover: Figure 8, Size 22A Steps: Figure 19 b. Non-traffic manhole: Frame: Figure 4, Size 22 Cover: Figure 12, Size 22 Steps: Figure 19 Frames and covers shall be cast iron, ductile iron or reinforced concrete. Cast iron frames and covers shall be as indicated or shall be of type suitable for the application, circular, without vent holes. The frames and covers shall have a combined weight of not less than 181.4 kg 400 pounds. Reinforced concrete frames and covers shall be as indicated or shall conform to ASTM C 478M ASTM C 478. The word "Sewer" shall be stamped or cast into covers so that it is plainly visible. 2.3.4.2 Manhole Steps [Zinc-coated steel] [as indicated] conforming to 29 CFR 1910.27. [As an option, plastic or rubber coating pressure-molded to the steel may be used. Plastic coating shall conform to ASTM D 4101, copolymer polypropylene. Rubber shall conform to ASTM C 443M ASTM C 443, except shore A durometer hardness shall be 70 plus or minus 5.] Aluminum steps or rungs will not be permitted. Steps are not required in manholes les 1.2 m 4 feet deep. 2.3.4.3 Manhole Ladders A steel ladder shall be provided where the depth of a manhole exceeds 3.6 m 12 feet. The ladder shall not be less than 406 mm 16 inches in width, with 19 mm 3/4 inch diameter rungs spaced 305 mm 12 inches apart. The two stringers shall be a minimum 10 mm 3/8 inch thick and 51 mm 2 inches wide. Ladders and inserts shall be galvanized after fabrication in conformance with ASTM A 123/A 123M. 2.3.4.4 Septic Tank Piping Cast iron soil pipe and fittings. 2.3.4.5 Siphon for Septic Tank Welded steel or close-grained cast iron free from flaws, of an approved standard design, and prompt and positive in action. 2.3.5 Sewage Absorption Field Materials NOTE: Choose one of the following options. Choose the second option for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. a. [Pipe shall be perforated bell-and-spigot clay pipe conforming to ASTM C 700, clay drain tile, perforated corrugated polyethylene tubing conforming to ASTM F 405. Covering for open joints in drain tile lines shall be asphalt-treated paper or asphalt-covered fibrous glass cloth. Wire for fastening covering to tile shall be 1.2 mm No. 18 American Wire Gage, nonferrous metal composition.] b. [Pipe shall be perforated bell-and-spigot clay pipe conforming to ASTM C 700, clay drain tile or PVC plastic pipe conforming to ASTM F 758. Covering for open joints in drain tile lines shall be asphalt-treated paper or asphalt-covered fibrous glass cloth. Wire for fastening covering to tile shall be 1.2 mm No. 18 American Wire Gage, nonferrous metal composition.] 2.4 _REPORTS Submit Test Reports. [Compaction and density test shall be in accordance with Section 31 00 00 EARTHWORK]. Submit Inspection Reports for daily activities during the installation of the sanitary system. Information in the report shall be detailed enough to describe location of work and amount of pipe laid in place, measured in linear meters feet. PART 3 EXECUTION 3.1 INSTALLATION OF PIPELINES AND APPURTENANT CONSTRUCTION 3.1.1 General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines These general requirements apply except where specific exception is made in the following paragraphs entitled "Special Requirements." 3.1.1.1 Location NOTE: Choose one of the following options. The work covered by this section shall terminate at a point approximately 1.5 m 5 feet from the building [, unless otherwise indicated]. [Where the location of the sewer is not clearly defined by dimensions on the drawings, do not lay sewer line closer horizontally than 3 m 10 feet to a water main or service line.] [Install pressure sewer lines beneath water lines only, with the top of the sewer line being at least 0.60 m 2 feet below bottom of water line.] [Where sanitary sewer lines pass above water lines, encase sewer in concrete for a distance of 3 m 10 feet on each side of the crossing, or substitute rubber-gasketed pressure pipe for the pipe being used for the same distance.] [Where sanitary sewer lines pass below water lines, lay pipe so that no joint in the sewer line will be closer than 0.9 m 3 feet, horizontal distance, to the water line.] NOTE: Include the options "a" through "c" below for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. [a. Sanitary piping installation parallel with water line: 1 Normal conditions: Sanitary piping or manholes shall be laid at least 3 m 10 feet horizontally from a water line whenever possible. The distance shall be measured edge-to-edge. 2 Unusual conditions: When local conditions prevent a horizontal separation of 3 m 10 feet , the sanitary piping or manhole may be laid closer to a water line provided that: (aa) The top (crown) of the sanitary piping shall be at least 450 mm 18 inches below the bottom (invert) of the water main. (bb) Where this vertical separation cannot be obtained, the sanitary piping shall be constructed of AWWA-approved ductile iron water pipe pressure tested in place without leakage prior to backfilling. (cc) The sewer manhole shall be of watertight construction and tested in place.] [b. Installation of sanitary piping crossing a water line: 1 Normal conditions: Lay sanitary sewer piping by crossing under water lines to provide a separation of at least 450 mm 18 inches between the top of the sanitary piping and the bottom of the water line whenever possible. (2 Unusual conditions: When local conditions prevent a vertical separation described above, use the following construction: (aa) Sanitary piping passing over or under water lines shall be constructed of AWWA-approved ductile iron water pipe, pressure tested in place without leakage prior to backfilling. (bb) Sanitary piping passing over water lines shall, in addition, be protected by providing: (1). A vertical separation of at least 450 mm 18 inches between the bottom of the sanitary piping and the top of the water line. (2). Adequate structural support for the sanitary piping to prevent excessive deflection of the joints and the settling on and breaking of the water line. (3). That the length, minimum 6.1 m 20 feet, of the sanitary piping be centered at the point of the crossing so that joints shall be equidistant and as far as possible from the water line.] [c. Sanitary sewer manholes: No water piping shall pass through or come in contact with any part of a sanitary sewer manhole.] 3.1.1.2 Earthwork NOTE: Earthwork requirements, including bedding, for pipe trenches and utility structures are covered in Section 31 00 00 EARTHWORK. The above referenced section number and title are subject to change. The specifier should verify the current specification and revise if different. Perform earthwork operations in accordance with Section [_____]. 3.1.1.3 Pipe Laying and Jointing NOTE: Delete requirement for tongue-and-groove pipe (concrete pipe) when not allowed for the project. Inspect each pipe and fitting before and after installation; replace those found defective and remove from site. Provide proper facilities for lowering sections of pipe into trenches. Lay nonpressure pipe with the bell [or groove] ends in the upgrade direction. Adjust spigots in bells [and tongues in grooves] to give a uniform space all around. Blocking or wedging between bells and spigots [or tongues and grooves] will not be permitted. Replace by one of the proper dimensions, pipe or fittings that do not allow sufficient space for installation of joint material. At the end of each work day, close open ends of pipe temporarily with wood blocks or bulkheads. Provide batterboards not more than 7.50 m 25 feet apart in trenches for checking and ensuring that pipe invert elevations are as indicated. Laser beam method may be used in lieu of batterboards for the same purpose. Branch connections shall be made by use of regular fittings or solvent cemented saddles as approved. Saddles for ABS and PVC composite pipe shall conform to Figure 2 of ASTM D 2680; saddles for ABS pipe shall comply with Table 3 of ASTM D 2751; and saddles for PVC pipe shall conform to Table 4 of ASTM D 3034. 3.1.1.4 Connections to Existing Lines Obtain approval from the Contracting Officer before making connection to existing line. Conduct work so that there is minimum interruption of service on existing line. 3.1.2 Special Requirements 3.1.2.1 Installation of Cast Iron Soil Piping Unless otherwise specified, install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. Make joints with the rubber gaskets specified for cast iron soil pipe joints and assemble in accordance with the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. 3.1.2.2 Installation of Clay Piping Install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the requirements of ASTM C 12 for pipe laying. Make joints with a compression joint material specified for clay pipe joints and assemble in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer of the pipe. 3.1.2.3 Installation of Concrete Gravity Sewer Piping NOTE: Not allowed for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. Install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the provisions for rubber gasket jointing and jointing procedures of ACPA 01-103 or of ACPA 01-102, Chapter 9, "Installation, Inspection and Construction Testing." Make joints with the gaskets specified for concrete gravity sewer pipe joints. Clean and dry surfaces receiving lubricants, cements, or adhesives. Affix gaskets to pipe not more than 24 hours prior to the installation of the pipe. Protect gaskets from sun, blowing dust, and other deleterious agents at all times. Before installation of the pipe, inspect gaskets and remove and replace loose or improperly affixed gaskets. Align each pipe section with the previously installed pipe section, and pull the joint together. If, while pulling the joint, the gasket becomes loose and can be seen through the exterior joint recess when the pipe is pulled up to within 25 mm 1 inch of closure, remove the pipe and remake the joint. 3.1.2.4 Installation of Concrete Pressure Lines NOTE: Not allowed for LANTNAVFACENGCOM projects. Unless otherwise specified, install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the laying and joining requirements specified in the guide specifications for installation of pipe given in AWWA M9, Chapter 14, "Guide Specifications for Installation of Pipe." a. Joints: Make joints with the gaskets specified for concrete pressure pipe joints, using an approved lubricant recommended by the pipe manufacturer. Assemble these joints in accordance with the joining requirements specified in the guide specifications for installation of pipe given in AWWA M9, Chapter 14, "Guide Specifications for Installation of Pipe," and with the recommendations given for laying the pipe in AWWA M9, Chapter 6, "Installation by Trenching or Tunneling -- Methods and Equipment." b. Pipe anchorage: Provide concrete thrust blocks (reaction backing) for pipe anchorage. Size and position thrust blocks as indicated. Use concrete conforming to ASTM C 94/C 94M having a minimum compressive strength of 13.80 MPa 2,000 psi at 28 days; or use concrete of a mix not leaner than one part cement 2 1/2 parts sand, and 5 parts gravel, having the same minimum compressive strength. 3.1.2.5 Installation of Ductile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe Unless otherwise specified, install pipe and associated fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the requirements of AWWA C600 for pipe installation and joint assembly. NOTE: At the text below, delete requirements for and references to push-on joints for ductile-iron gravity sewer pipe and associated fittings when the greater deflection afforded by the mechanical joint is considered necessary throughout. a. [Make push-on joints with the gaskets and lubricant specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly.] Make mechanical-joints with the gaskets, glands, bolts, and nuts specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly and the recommendations of Appendix A to AWWA C111/A21.11. NOTE: At the text below, delete the paragraph except when required. See the NAVFACENGCOM Design Manual on Water Supply Systems for guidance. See Foreword to AWWA C105/A21.5 for guidance on selecting Class of polyethylene film. b. Exterior protection: Completely encase buried ductile iron pipelines with polyethylene tube or sheet in accordance with AWWA C105/A21.5, using [Class A] [Class C] polyethylene film. 3.1.2.6 Installation of Ductile-Iron Pressure Lines Unless otherwise specified, install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the requirements of AWWA C600 for pipe installation, joint assembly, and valve-and-fitting installation. a. [Make push-on joints with the gaskets and lubricant specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly.] Make mechanical-joints with the gaskets, glands, bolts, and nuts specified for this type joint; assemble in accordance with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly and the recommendations of Appendix A to AWWA C111/A21.11. [Make flanged joints with gaskets, bolts, and nuts specified for this type joint. Make flanged joints up tight, taking care to avoid undue strain on flanges, fittings, and other accessories. Align bolt holes for each flanged joint. Use full size bolts for the bolt holes; use of undersized bolts to make up for misalignment of bolt holes or for any other purpose will not be permitted. Do not allow adjoining flange faces to be out of parallel to such degree that the flanged joint cannot be made watertight without overstraining the flange. When flanged pipe or fittings have dimensions that do not allow the making of a proper flanged joint as specified, replace it by one of proper dimensions.] [Assemble joints made with sleeve-type mechanical couplings in accordance with the recommendations of the coupling manufacturer, as approved.] [Make [grooved] [and] [shouldered] type joints with the couplings previously specified for this type joint connecting pipe with the [grooved] [or] [shouldered] ends specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the recommendations of the coupling manufacturer, as approved. [Groove pipe in the field only with approved groove cutting equipment designed especially for the purpose and produced by a manufacturer of grooved joint couplings; secure approval for field-cut grooves before assembling the joint.]] NOTE: Delete the text below except when required. See the NAVFACENGCOM Design Manual on Water Supply Systems for guidance. See Foreword to AWWA C105/A21.5 for guidance on selecting Class of polyethylene film. b. Exterior protection: Completely encase buried ductile iron pipelines with polyethylene tube or sheet in accordance with AWWA C105/A21.5, using [Class A] [Class C] polyethylene film. c. Pipe anchorage: Provide concrete thrust blocks (reaction backing) for pipe anchorage. Size and position thrust blocks as indicated. Use concrete conforming to ASTM C 94/C 94M having a minimum compressive strength of 13.80 MPa 2,000 psi at 28 days; or use concrete of a mix not leaner than one part cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, and 5 parts gravel, having the same minimum compressive strength. 3.1.2.7 Installation of ABS Composite Plastic Piping Install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the recommendations of the plastic pipe manufacturer. Make joints with the primer and solvent cement specified for this joint and assemble in accordance with the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. Handle solvent cement in accordance with ASTM F 402. 3.1.2.8 Installation of ABS Solid-Wall Plastic Piping Install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the recommendations of the plastic pipe manufacturer. Make solvent cement joints with the solvent cement previously specified for this type joint. Make elastomeric joints with the gaskets specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. Handle solvent cement in accordance with ASTM F 402. 3.1.2.9 Installation of PVC Plastic Piping Install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section and with the requirements of ASTM D 2321 for laying and joining pipe and fittings. Make joints with the gaskets specified for joints with this piping and assemble in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D 2321 for assembly of joints. Make joints to other pipe materials in accordance with the recommendations of the plastic pipe manufacturer. 3.1.2.10 Installation of PVC Plastic Pressure Pipe and Fittings Unless otherwise specified, install pipe and fittings in accordance with paragraph entitled "General Requirements for Installation of Pipelines" of this section; with the requirements of AWWA C605 for laying of pipe, joining PVC pipe to fittings and accessories, and setting of hydrants, valves, and fittings; and with the recommendations for pipe joint assembly and appurtenance installation in AWWA M23, Chapter 7, "Installation." a. Pipe Less Than 100 mm 4 Inch Diameter: 1 Threaded joints shall be made by wrapping the male threads with joint tape or by applying an approved thread lubricant, then threading the joining members together. The joints shall be tightened with strap wrenches which will not damage the pipe and fittings. The joint shall be tightened no more than 2 threads past hand-tight. 2 Push-On Joints: The ends of pipe for push-on joints shall be beveled to facilitate assembly. Pipe shall be marked to indicate when the pipe is fully seated. The gasket shall be lubricated to prevent displacement. Care shall be exercised to ensure that the gasket remains in proper position in the bell or coupling while making the joint. 3 Solvent-weld joints shall comply with the manufacturer's instructions. b. Pipe 100 mm 4 Inch Diameter Joints: Make push-on joints with the elastomeric gaskets specified for this type joint, using either elastomeric-gasket bell-end pipe or elastomeric-gasket couplings. For pipe-to-pipe push-on joint connections, use only pipe with push-on joint ends having factory-made bevel; for push-on joint connections to fittings, cut spigot end of pipe off square and re-bevel pipe end to a bevel approximately the same as that on ductile-iron pipe used for the same type of joint. Use an approved lubricant recommended by the pipe manufacturer for push-on joints. Assemble push-on joints for pipe-to-pipe joint connections in accordance with the requirements of AWWA C605 for laying the pipe and the recommendations in AWWA M23, Chapter 7, "Installation," for pipe joint assembly. Assemble push-on joints for connection to fittings in accordance with the requirements of AWWA C605 for joining PVC pipe to fittings and accessories and with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly. Make compression-type joints/mechanical-joints with the gaskets, glands, bolts, nuts, and internal stiffeners specified for this type joint and assemble in accordance with the requirements of AWWA C605 for joining PVC pipe to fittings and accessories, with the applicable requirements of AWWA C600 for joint assembly, and with the recommendations of Appendix A to AWWA C111/A21.11. Cut off spigot end of pipe for compression-type joint/mechanical-joint connections and do not re-bevel. c. Pipe anchorage: Provide concrete thrust blocks (reaction backing) for pipe anchorage. Size and position thrust blocks as indicated. Use concrete conforming to ASTM C 94/C 94M having a minimum compressive strength of 13.80 MPa 2,000 psi at 28 days; or use concrete of a mix not leaner than one part cement, 2 1/2 parts sand, and 5 parts gravel, having the same minimum compressive strength. 3.1.2.11 Pipeline Installation Beneath Railroad Right-of-Way Where pipeline passes under the right-of-way of a commercial railroad, install piping in accordance with the specifications for pipelines conveying nonflammable substances in AREMA Eng Man. 3.1.3 Concrete Work NOTE: Delete these paragraphs if not used or insert applicable concrete requirements here. Cast-in-place concrete is included in Section [03 31 00.00 10 CAST-IN-PLACE STRUCTURAL CONCRETE][03 30 00 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE][03 30 53 MISCELLANEOUS CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE]. The pipe shall be supported on a concrete cradle, or encased in concrete where indicated or directed. 3.1.4 Manhole Construction Construct base slab of cast-in-place concrete or use precast concrete base sections. Make inverts in cast-in-place concrete and precast concrete bases with a smooth-surfaced semi-circular bottom conforming to the inside contour of the adjacent sewer sections. For changes in direction of the sewer and entering branches into the manhole, make a circular curve in the manhole invert of as large a radius as manhole size will permit. For cast-in-place concrete construction, either pour bottom slabs and walls integrally or key and bond walls to bottom slab. No parging will be permitted on interior manhole walls. For precast concrete construction, make joints between manhole sections with the gaskets specified for this purpose; install in the manner specified for installing joints in concrete piping. Parging will not be required for precast concrete manholes. Cast-in-place concrete work shall be in accordance with the requirements specified under paragraph entitled "Concrete Work" of this section. Make joints between concrete manholes and pipes entering manholes with the resilient connectors specified for this purpose; install in accordance with the recommendations of the connector manufacturer. Where a new manhole is constructed on an existing line, remove existing pipe as necessary to construct the manhole. Cut existing pipe so that pipe ends are approximately flush with the interior face of manhole wall, but not protruding into the manhole. Use resilient connectors as previously specified for pipe connectors to concrete manholes. 3.1.5 Miscellaneous Construction and Installation 3.1.5.1 Connecting to Existing Manholes Pipe connections to existing manholes shall be made so that finish work will conform as nearly as practicable to the applicable requirements specified for new manholes, including all necessary concrete work, cutting, and shaping. The connection shall be centered on the manhole. Holes for the new pipe shall be of sufficient diameter to allow packing cement mortar around the entire periphery of the pipe but no larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the pipe. Cutting the manhole shall be done in a manner that will cause the least damage to the walls. 3.1.5.2 Metal Work a. Workmanship and finish: Perform metal work so that workmanship and finish will be equal to the best practice in modern structural shops and foundries. Form iron to shape and size with sharp lines and angles. Do shearing and punching so that clean true lines and surfaces are produced. Make castings sound and free from warp, cold shuts, and blow holes that may impair their strength or appearance. Give exposed surfaces a smooth finish with sharp well-defined lines and arises. Provide necessary rabbets, lugs, and brackets wherever necessary for fitting and support. NOTE: Delete the text below when painting of cast iron items is not in accordance with local station practice. b. Field painting: After installation, clean cast-iron frames, covers, gratings, and steps not buried in concrete to bare metal of mortar, rust, grease, dirt, and other deleterious materials and apply a coat of bituminous paint. Do not paint surfaces subject to abrasion. 3.1.6 Sewage Absorption Trench Construction Grade pipe lines uniformly downward to the outlet. Lay perforated pipe with the perforations downward. Lay drain tile with 6 mm 1/4 inch open joints. Cover open joints of drain tile with the cover material specified so that it extends not less than 1.75 rad 100 degrees on each side of the vertical center line of the tile. Wire covering in place. 3.1.7 Installations of Wye Branches Cutting into piping for connections shall not be done except in special approved cases. When the connecting pipe cannot be adequately supported on undisturbed earth or tamped backfill, the pipe shall be encased in concrete backfill or supported on a concrete cradle as directed. Concrete required because of conditions resulting from faulty construction methods or negligence by the Contractor shall be installed at no additional cost to the Government. The installation of wye branches in an existing sewer shall be made by a method which does not damage the integrity of the existing sewer. One acceptable method consists of removing one pipe section, breaking off the upper half of the bell of the next lower section and half of the running bell of wye section. After placing the new section, it shall be rotated so that the broken half of the bell will be at the bottom. The two joints shall then be made with joint packing and cement mortar. 3.2 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL 3.2.1 Field Tests and Inspections The Contracting Officer will conduct field inspections and witness field tests specified in this section. Perform field tests and provide labor, equipment, and incidentals required for testing[, except that water and electric power needed for field tests will be furnished as set forth in Section [_____]]. Be able to produce evidence, when required, that each item of work has been constructed in accordance with the drawings and specifications. 3.2.2 Tests for Nonpressure Lines Check each straight run of pipeline for gross deficiencies by holding a light in a manhole; it shall show a practically full circle of light through the pipeline when viewed from the adjoining end of line. When pressure piping is used in a nonpressure line for nonpressure use, test this piping as specified for nonpressure pipe. 3.2.2.1 Leakage Tests Test lines for leakage by either infiltration tests or exfiltration tests, or by low-pressure air tests. Prior to testing for leakage, backfill trench up to at least lower half of pipe. When necessary to prevent pipeline movement during testing, place additional backfill around pipe sufficient to prevent movement, but leaving joints uncovered to permit inspection. When leakage or pressure drop exceeds the allowable amount specified, make satisfactory correction and retest pipeline section in the same manner. Correct visible leaks regardless of leakage test results. a. Infiltration tests and exfiltration tests: Perform these tests for sewer lines made of the specified materials, not only concrete, in accordance with ASTM C 969M ASTM C 969. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to ASTM C 969M ASTM C 969. b. Low-pressure air tests: Perform tests as follows: 1 Clay pipelines: Test in accordance with ASTM C 828. Allowable pressure drop shall be as given in ASTM C 828. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to ASTM C 828. 2 Concrete pipelines: Test in accordance with ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. Allowable pressure drop shall be as given in ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. 3 Ductile-iron pipelines: Test in accordance with the applicable requirements of ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. Allowable pressure drop shall be as given in ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to ASTM C 924M ASTM C 924. 4 ABS composite plastic pipelines: Test in accordance with the applicable requirements of UBPPA UNI-B-6. Allowable pressure drop shall be as given in UBPPA UNI-B-6. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to UBPPA UNI-B-6. 5 PVC plastic pipelines: Test in accordance with UBPPA UNI-B-6. Allowable pressure drop shall be as given in UBPPA UNI-B-6. Make calculations in accordance with the Appendix to UBPPA UNI-B-6 . 3.2.2.2 Deflection Testing NOTE: Specify deflection testing only when warranted by scope or size of project. Perform a deflection test on entire length of installed plastic pipeline on completion of work adjacent to and over the pipeline, including leakage tests, backfilling, placement of fill, grading, paving, concreting, and any other superimposed loads determined in accordance with ASTM D 2412. Deflection of pipe in the installed pipeline under external loads shall not exceed 4.5 percent of the average inside diameter of pipe. Determine whether the allowable deflection has been exceeded by use of a pull-through device or a deflection measuring device. a. Pull-through device: This device shall be a spherical, spheroidal, or elliptical ball, a cylinder, or circular sections fused to a common shaft. Circular sections shall be so spaced on the shaft that distance from external faces of front and back sections will equal or exceed diameter of the circular section. Pull-through device may also be of a design promulgated by the Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association, provided the device meets the applicable requirements specified in this paragraph, including those for diameter of the device, and that the mandrel has a minimum of 9 arms. Ball, cylinder, or circular sections shall conform to the following: 1 A diameter, or minor diameter as applicable, of 95 percent of the average inside diameter of the pipe; tolerance of plus 0.5 percent will be permitted. 2 Homogeneous material throughout, shall have a density greater than 1.0 as related to water at 4 degrees C 39.2 degrees F, and shall have a surface Brinell hardness of not less than 150. 3 Center bored and through-bolted with a 6 mm 1/4 inch minimum diameter steel shaft having a yield strength of not less than 483 MPa 70,000 psi, with eyes or loops at each end for attaching pulling cables. 4 Each eye or loop shall be suitably backed with a flange or heavy washer such that a pull exerted on opposite end of shaft will produce compression throughout remote end. b. Deflection measuring device: Sensitive to 1.0 percent of the diameter of the pipe being tested and shall be accurate to 1.0 percent of the indicated dimension. Deflection measuring device shall be approved prior to use. c. Pull-through device procedure: Pass the pull-through device through each run of pipe, either by pulling it through or flushing it through with water. If the device fails to pass freely through a pipe run, replace pipe which has the excessive deflection and completely retest in same manner and under same conditions. d. Deflection measuring device procedure: Measure deflections through each run of installed pipe. If deflection readings in excess of 4.5 percent of average inside diameter of pipe are obtained, retest pipe by a run from the opposite direction. If retest continues to show a deflection in excess of 4.5 percent of average inside diameter of pipe, replace pipe which has excessive deflection and completely retest in same manner and under same conditions. 3.2.3 Tests for Pressure Lines Test pressure lines in accordance with the applicable standard specified in this paragraph, except for test pressures. For hydrostatic pressure test, use a hydrostatic pressure 345 kPa 50 psi in excess of the maximum working pressure of the system, but not less than 690 kPa 100 psi, holding the pressure for a period of not less than one hour. For leakage test, use a hydrostatic pressure not less than the maximum working pressure of the system. Leakage test may be performed at the same time and at the same test pressure as the pressure test. [Test ductile-iron pressure lines in accordance with the requirements of AWWA C600 for hydrostatic testing. Leakage on ductile-iron pipelines with mechanical-joints [or push-on joints] shall not exceed the amounts given in AWWA C600; allow no leakage at joints made by other methods.] [Test concrete pressure lines in accordance with the recommendations in AWWA M9, Chapter 10, "Hydrostatic Testing and Disinfection of Mains." Leakage on concrete pipelines shall not exceed 1.88 L/24 hours per mm of pipe diameter per kilometer 20 gallons per 24 hours per inch of pipe diameter per mile of pipeline.] [Test PVC plastic pressure lines in accordance with the requirements of AWWA C605 for pressure and leakage tests, using the allowable leakage given therein.] 3.2.4 Field Tests for Concrete NOTE: Delete this paragraph if not used or insert applicable concrete requirements here. Field testing requirements are covered in Section [_____]